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In Vitro Reconstitution of SCF Substrate Ubiquitination with Purified
... unacceptably high rate of misincorporation of amino acids when using conventional bacterial expression systems (You et al., 1999). The latter problem is highlighted by analysis of a Sic1 substrate containing a single lysine residue that was expressed in BL21(DE3)pLysS and used in ubiquitination assa ...
... unacceptably high rate of misincorporation of amino acids when using conventional bacterial expression systems (You et al., 1999). The latter problem is highlighted by analysis of a Sic1 substrate containing a single lysine residue that was expressed in BL21(DE3)pLysS and used in ubiquitination assa ...
Novel Regulators of Vascular Development in Arabidopsis
... Scheres et al., 1995). As described previously, the cytokinin signal is transduced via phosphotransfer from AHKs to ARABIDOPSIS HISTIDINE PHOSPHOTRANSFER PROTEIN (AHP). The quintuple AHP mutant ahp1 ahp2 ahp3 ahp4 ahp5 exhibits the extra protoxylem phenotype similar to that of ahk. (Hutchison et al. ...
... Scheres et al., 1995). As described previously, the cytokinin signal is transduced via phosphotransfer from AHKs to ARABIDOPSIS HISTIDINE PHOSPHOTRANSFER PROTEIN (AHP). The quintuple AHP mutant ahp1 ahp2 ahp3 ahp4 ahp5 exhibits the extra protoxylem phenotype similar to that of ahk. (Hutchison et al. ...
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... Sphingolipids are essential to sustain eukaryotic life. Whereas glycosphingolipids are indispensable for the development of complex multicellular organisms, phosphosphingolipids fulfill a vital function at a more fundamental level, namely, in the growth and survival of individual cells. This require ...
... Sphingolipids are essential to sustain eukaryotic life. Whereas glycosphingolipids are indispensable for the development of complex multicellular organisms, phosphosphingolipids fulfill a vital function at a more fundamental level, namely, in the growth and survival of individual cells. This require ...
A leucine aminopeptidase is involved in kinetoplast DNA
... a single network composed of mutually catenated circular molecules of two categories–maxicircles and minicircles—that are extended and densely packaged into a highly organized discoid structure [1]. The kDNA network is located in the mt lumen adjacent to the basal body of the single flagellum, to wh ...
... a single network composed of mutually catenated circular molecules of two categories–maxicircles and minicircles—that are extended and densely packaged into a highly organized discoid structure [1]. The kDNA network is located in the mt lumen adjacent to the basal body of the single flagellum, to wh ...
CENP-E Is a Plus End–Directed Kinetochore Motor Required for
... A prominent candidate for powering one or more aspects of chromosome movement in mitosis is centromere-associated protein-E (CENP-E), a member of the kinesin superfamily of microtubule motor proteins that is an integral component of kinetochore corona fibers that link centromeres to spindle microtub ...
... A prominent candidate for powering one or more aspects of chromosome movement in mitosis is centromere-associated protein-E (CENP-E), a member of the kinesin superfamily of microtubule motor proteins that is an integral component of kinetochore corona fibers that link centromeres to spindle microtub ...
Constrained transcription factor spacing is prevalent and important
... GATA motifs separated by 9bp and bound by TAL1 and GATA factors (7) that are important for the transcriptional activity of several erythroid gene regulatory elements and (ii) the Ets and IRF motif-pair separated by 2bp which occurs in gene regulatory sequences associated with genes important for lym ...
... GATA motifs separated by 9bp and bound by TAL1 and GATA factors (7) that are important for the transcriptional activity of several erythroid gene regulatory elements and (ii) the Ets and IRF motif-pair separated by 2bp which occurs in gene regulatory sequences associated with genes important for lym ...
T cell co-stimulatory receptor CD28 is a primary target for
... reconstitution system into its individual modules (fig. S11). These experiments revealed that Shp2 alone dephosphorylates CD3ζ and CD28 with similar activities, but that Lck has a six-fold higher kcat for CD3ζ over CD28 for phosphorylation (fig. S11C-E). These data suggest that the costimulatory rec ...
... reconstitution system into its individual modules (fig. S11). These experiments revealed that Shp2 alone dephosphorylates CD3ζ and CD28 with similar activities, but that Lck has a six-fold higher kcat for CD3ζ over CD28 for phosphorylation (fig. S11C-E). These data suggest that the costimulatory rec ...
Contribution of microtubule growth polarity and flux to spindle
... Cell wall-encased plant cells do not contain discrete MTOCs (Marc, 1997) but still display well-organized cell-cycledependent microtubular arrays, including the spindle. During interphase, plant microtubules mainly remain underneath the cortex (Ledbetter and Porter, 1963) from where they organize ar ...
... Cell wall-encased plant cells do not contain discrete MTOCs (Marc, 1997) but still display well-organized cell-cycledependent microtubular arrays, including the spindle. During interphase, plant microtubules mainly remain underneath the cortex (Ledbetter and Porter, 1963) from where they organize ar ...
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... here I support this conclusion by showing that the effect of a grafted ZPA may also be remembered. The method takes advantage of the discovery that a graft of a quail ZPA treated with 10000 rad y-radiation is capable of producing a complete reduplication (Smith et al. 1978). Because the irradiated c ...
... here I support this conclusion by showing that the effect of a grafted ZPA may also be remembered. The method takes advantage of the discovery that a graft of a quail ZPA treated with 10000 rad y-radiation is capable of producing a complete reduplication (Smith et al. 1978). Because the irradiated c ...
Animal Biology 56(4)
... expression indelibly marks neural crest cells, have also been used (Chai et al., 2000; Jiang et al., 2000; Matsuoka et al., 2005). Another possibility is to create chimaeric animals, where neural crest cells from a donor species (like Xenopus borealis) are transplanted to a closely related host spec ...
... expression indelibly marks neural crest cells, have also been used (Chai et al., 2000; Jiang et al., 2000; Matsuoka et al., 2005). Another possibility is to create chimaeric animals, where neural crest cells from a donor species (like Xenopus borealis) are transplanted to a closely related host spec ...
Mast cells in Complement Dependant Tolerance
... Toluidine-blue stain in draining lymph nodes from tolerant mice at day 7 after skin graft transplantation, which is significantly more compared to numbers in lymph nodes harvested from naive mice (1.4 MC/mm2, p=0.008; figures 4, 2c). There was no difference compared to lymph nodes harvested from rej ...
... Toluidine-blue stain in draining lymph nodes from tolerant mice at day 7 after skin graft transplantation, which is significantly more compared to numbers in lymph nodes harvested from naive mice (1.4 MC/mm2, p=0.008; figures 4, 2c). There was no difference compared to lymph nodes harvested from rej ...
Polyunsaturated fatty acids modulate NOX 4 anion superoxide
... the role of ROS (reactive oxygen species) in the regulation of many biological processes, although their detailed involvement has not yet been fully defined. They are able to produce O2 䊉− , which, more and more, seems implicated in cell signal transduction and communications [5]. For instance, NOXs ...
... the role of ROS (reactive oxygen species) in the regulation of many biological processes, although their detailed involvement has not yet been fully defined. They are able to produce O2 䊉− , which, more and more, seems implicated in cell signal transduction and communications [5]. For instance, NOXs ...
Evidence That Ternary Complex (eIF2-GTP-tRNAi
... small, but not large, ribosomal subunits, eIF3, eIF4E, eIF4G) are coordinately recruited to SGs in arsenite-stressed cells. In contrast, eIF2 is not a component of newly assembled SGs. Cells expressing a phosphomimetic mutant (S51D) of eIF2␣ assemble SGs of similar composition, confirming that the r ...
... small, but not large, ribosomal subunits, eIF3, eIF4E, eIF4G) are coordinately recruited to SGs in arsenite-stressed cells. In contrast, eIF2 is not a component of newly assembled SGs. Cells expressing a phosphomimetic mutant (S51D) of eIF2␣ assemble SGs of similar composition, confirming that the r ...
reproduction and bacterial symbiosis in
... intercellular symbiotic bacteria and other mesohyl substances. ...
... intercellular symbiotic bacteria and other mesohyl substances. ...
Pancreas or liver choice within endoderm
... endoderm fragments dissected from the ventral foregut of mouse embryos at 8-8.5 days gestation (Fig. 1A). No Pdx1 product was detected at the 4- to 6-somite stages, relative to the actin control, but abundant Pdx1 product was evident at the 7- to 8-somite stages (Fig. 1B). Previously we found that s ...
... endoderm fragments dissected from the ventral foregut of mouse embryos at 8-8.5 days gestation (Fig. 1A). No Pdx1 product was detected at the 4- to 6-somite stages, relative to the actin control, but abundant Pdx1 product was evident at the 7- to 8-somite stages (Fig. 1B). Previously we found that s ...
PDF + SI - Development - The Company of Biologists
... cells (PCs) specified at precise positions and times within the somatic mesoderm. Detailed characterization of a few somatic muscle lineages has established that muscle identity (specific shape, size, orientation) reflects the expression of specific muscle identity transcription factors (iTFs) in ea ...
... cells (PCs) specified at precise positions and times within the somatic mesoderm. Detailed characterization of a few somatic muscle lineages has established that muscle identity (specific shape, size, orientation) reflects the expression of specific muscle identity transcription factors (iTFs) in ea ...
3 Adhesion and Adhesives of Fungi and Oomycetes
... Site-directed mutagenesis provides the most powerful technique to demonstrate that a specific gene is involved in the adhesive process. With the medically important fungi, there are multiple examples in which a putative adhesin gene has been knocked out, and there is a resultant loss of adhesiveness ...
... Site-directed mutagenesis provides the most powerful technique to demonstrate that a specific gene is involved in the adhesive process. With the medically important fungi, there are multiple examples in which a putative adhesin gene has been knocked out, and there is a resultant loss of adhesiveness ...
μMACS™ mRNA Isolation Kits
... Adherent or suspension cell samples (section 2.1.1); human, animal, or plant tissue (2.1.2), and whole blood (2.1.3). Also, it is used for isolation of mRNA from total RNA (2.1.4). 2.1.1 Adherent or suspension cells Suspension cells are lysed immediately after harvesting (section 2.1.1.1). Adherent ...
... Adherent or suspension cell samples (section 2.1.1); human, animal, or plant tissue (2.1.2), and whole blood (2.1.3). Also, it is used for isolation of mRNA from total RNA (2.1.4). 2.1.1 Adherent or suspension cells Suspension cells are lysed immediately after harvesting (section 2.1.1.1). Adherent ...
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... we perturbed Gαo activity in the synapse. Gαo was modulated by the presynaptic expression of two previously tested UAS constructs: RNAi-Gαo, which downregulates Gαo (Purvanov et al., 2010) (see supplementary material Fig. S1I-K for the efficiency of downregulation); and Gαo[Q205L], which is a consti ...
... we perturbed Gαo activity in the synapse. Gαo was modulated by the presynaptic expression of two previously tested UAS constructs: RNAi-Gαo, which downregulates Gαo (Purvanov et al., 2010) (see supplementary material Fig. S1I-K for the efficiency of downregulation); and Gαo[Q205L], which is a consti ...
Cardioprotective Effects of Erythropoietin in Rats Subjected to
... injury. In this study, we assessed the effect of EPO on 99mTcannexin V myocardial uptake and whether the accumulation of 99mTc-annexin V can predict cardiac remodeling and functional deterioration. Methods: Eighteen rats with left coronary artery (LCA) occlusion were randomized to receive either an ...
... injury. In this study, we assessed the effect of EPO on 99mTcannexin V myocardial uptake and whether the accumulation of 99mTc-annexin V can predict cardiac remodeling and functional deterioration. Methods: Eighteen rats with left coronary artery (LCA) occlusion were randomized to receive either an ...
Symplasmic networks in secondary vascular tissues
... away from the phloem along the entire length of the stem. Parenchyma storing carbohydrates in both xylem and phloem may function as diffuse, local sources—even of water—and contribute to phloem turgor gradients (Sevanto et al., 2011, 2013). The fact that trees do not have large pressure gradients in ...
... away from the phloem along the entire length of the stem. Parenchyma storing carbohydrates in both xylem and phloem may function as diffuse, local sources—even of water—and contribute to phloem turgor gradients (Sevanto et al., 2011, 2013). The fact that trees do not have large pressure gradients in ...
Bugging the cell wall of bacteria
... for Lipid II in wall-less species indicate its involvement in other cellular processes, such as cell division [28]. Lipid II is a target for several classes of antibiotics, such as the glycopeptides and the lantibiotics. They share the common action of preventing incorporation of Lipid II, thereby ...
... for Lipid II in wall-less species indicate its involvement in other cellular processes, such as cell division [28]. Lipid II is a target for several classes of antibiotics, such as the glycopeptides and the lantibiotics. They share the common action of preventing incorporation of Lipid II, thereby ...
PROTISTS
... movement expansion and contractions of entire cell Nutrition/Bitrophic – can capture food; can absorb nutrients from water or carry on photosynthesis Reproduction – mitosis; form cyst during harsh times Example: euglena; volvox ...
... movement expansion and contractions of entire cell Nutrition/Bitrophic – can capture food; can absorb nutrients from water or carry on photosynthesis Reproduction – mitosis; form cyst during harsh times Example: euglena; volvox ...
measuring force in the developing zebrafish embryo using
... experienced by molecules, cells and tissues. To the extent these techniques do exist they often rely on expensive, technical setups or indirect mechanisms for investigating mechanical force. Optical traps and atomic force microscopy have emerged as powerful tools for making direct force measurements ...
... experienced by molecules, cells and tissues. To the extent these techniques do exist they often rely on expensive, technical setups or indirect mechanisms for investigating mechanical force. Optical traps and atomic force microscopy have emerged as powerful tools for making direct force measurements ...
Chapter 1 - Origin of Vertebrate Limb Muscle
... The finding that myogenesis occurs in successive phases and that embryonic, fetal, neonatal, and adult muscle are distinctive raises the question of how these different types of muscle arise. Potentially, these muscle types arise from different progenitors or alternatively from different myoblasts. ...
... The finding that myogenesis occurs in successive phases and that embryonic, fetal, neonatal, and adult muscle are distinctive raises the question of how these different types of muscle arise. Potentially, these muscle types arise from different progenitors or alternatively from different myoblasts. ...
Cell culture
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Cell_Culture_in_a_tiny_Petri_dish.jpg?width=300)
Cell culture is the process by which cells are grown under controlled conditions, generally outside of their natural environment. In practice, the term ""cell culture"" now refers to the culturing of cells derived from multicellular eukaryotes, especially animal cells, in contrast with other types of culture that also grow cells, such as plant tissue culture, fungal culture, and microbiological culture (of microbes). The historical development and methods of cell culture are closely interrelated to those of tissue culture and organ culture. Viral culture is also related, with cells as hosts for the viruses. The laboratory technique of maintaining live cell lines (a population of cells descended from a single cell and containing the same genetic makeup) separated from their original tissue source became more robust in the middle 20th century.