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... undergrowth phenotype (Bhattacharya and Baker, 2011; AndradeZapata and Baonza, 2014), which is the expected phenotype if the sequestration of Da by Emc is required to promote tissue growth. We conducted a directed yeast two-hybrid assay to assess the strength of the interaction between Emc and Da, a ...
Auxin Action in a Cell
Auxin Action in a Cell

... a variety of auxin-related growth defects [2, 11]. GSTIAA7, GST-IAA17, GST-AXR2-1, and GST-AXR3-1 proteins were synthesized in E. coli and were added to plant extracts with the synthetic auxin 2,4-D. The hormone promoted recognition of GST-IAA7 and GST-IAA17 by SCFTIR1 (Figures 1B and 1C). In contra ...
Choosing the Best Kinase Assay to Meet Your Research Needs
Choosing the Best Kinase Assay to Meet Your Research Needs

... of cellular functions including cell growth, development, differentiation, membrane transport, and cell death (2,3). Abnormalities in signaling pathways can lead to various pathological conditions including many forms of cancer. For this reason, protein kinases are important targets for both basic r ...
Germ Cell Speci fi cation - Molecular Biology and Genetics
Germ Cell Speci fi cation - Molecular Biology and Genetics

... resume divisions only in the first (L1) larval stage after the larva begins feeding. Z2 and Z3 will eventually generate ~2,000 germ cells by adulthood (Kimble and White 1981). ...
Functional Characterisation of Plant
Functional Characterisation of Plant

... closely related to and it is now widely accepted that mitochondrial origin is in the phylum of α-Proteobacteria (Alphaproteobacteria) of the Rickettsial subdivision [57]. Over the past 50 years, various groups reported in detail the molecular and biochemical evidence for the endosymbiotic origin of ...
Ultrastructure of the Pulmonary Alveolar Cells of Rats Exposed to
Ultrastructure of the Pulmonary Alveolar Cells of Rats Exposed to

... tissue specimens were embedded in the same resin mixture. Semi-thin sections (1 µm thickness) were prepared for the purpose of tissue orientation and stained with toluidine blue. Accordingly, thin sections of silver-gold shades (70-80 nm) were cut on an ultramicrotome (Leica, UCT) with a diamond kni ...
The TRAPP Complex: Insights into its Architecture and
The TRAPP Complex: Insights into its Architecture and

... oligomeric Golgi (COG) vesicle tethering complex have been speculated as well (4,6,7). Thus, structural similarities between the subunits of tethering factors appear to be an emerging common theme. Like the TRAPP subunits, each subunit in the other tethering complexes would play a distinctive role. ...
Carbonic anhydrases in plants and algae
Carbonic anhydrases in plants and algae

... (Newman et al. 1994). The g-CA from M. thermophila was crystallized and its structure solved (Kisker et al. 1996). The structure of g-CA is strikingly different from either the aCA or b-CA. The g-CA functions as a trimer of identical subunits. The structure of each monomer is dominated by a left-han ...
Plasma membrane HATPase regulation is required for auxin
Plasma membrane HATPase regulation is required for auxin

... unilateral blue light irradiation, PIN3 is polar in the endodermal cells on the lit side (Ding et al, 2011). In all other tissues, PINs and ABCBs are expressed apolarly. We did not consider active IAA (auxin indole-3-acetic acid) influx contributions resulting from AUX1/LAX for the following reasons ...
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... The relationship between the nuclear and cytoplasmic events in mouse oocytes appears, however, to differ in several important respects from that in the other mammals that have been studied. Thus, Ekholm & Magnusson (1979) report that rat oocytes, unlike those of the mouse, depend on protein synthesi ...
Involvement of the Sieve Element Cytoskeleton in
Involvement of the Sieve Element Cytoskeleton in

... channels associated with microtubules (Mazars et al., 1997; Thion et al., 1998) or by mechanosensitive channels possibly associated with microfilaments (Wang et al., 2004; Zhang et al., 2007). Both types of Ca2+-permeable channels probably reside in the SE plasma membrane (Knoblauch et al., 2001; Haf ...
Polysialic acid controls NCAM signals at cell–cell contacts to
Polysialic acid controls NCAM signals at cell–cell contacts to

solvent selection for whole cell biotransformations in organic media
solvent selection for whole cell biotransformations in organic media

Wnt signaling: a common theme in animal development
Wnt signaling: a common theme in animal development

... proven to be problematic. There are numerous unpublished tales of failed attempts to produce secreted Wnt proteins in cell culture. In general, overexpression of the genes in cultured cells results in accumulation of misfolded protein in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER; Kitajewski et al. 1992). Secret ...
Protection of Drosophila chromosome ends through minimal
Protection of Drosophila chromosome ends through minimal

... are also bound by a protective protein complex that constitutes a functional analog of the mammalian shelterin complex (Raffa et al., 2011; Raffa et al., 2013). This capping complex includes the fast evolving, non-conserved proteins HP1/ORC-associated protein (HOAP; encoded by caravaggio), HipHop, V ...
Cleavage furrow formation and ingression during animal cytokinesis
Cleavage furrow formation and ingression during animal cytokinesis

... advancement of the cleavage furrow, the molecules responsible for these processes have remained elusive. Recent studies have provided insights into the role of different microtubule structures and associated proteins in cleavage furrow positioning and ingression together with the signalling events t ...
Protection of Drosophila chromosome ends with minimal telomere
Protection of Drosophila chromosome ends with minimal telomere

... HipHop, Verrocchio (Ver) and Modigliani (Moi), which are called Terminin proteins, and the conserved Heterochromatin Protein 1a (HP1a) (Raffa et al. 2011; 2013). Whereas HP1a localizes not only at telomeres but also throughout heterochromatin and at many euchromatic loci, Terminin proteins are speci ...
Control de la estabilidad de ciclinas de G1 por nutrientes Sara
Control de la estabilidad de ciclinas de G1 por nutrientes Sara

Left inferior lobe
Left inferior lobe

... • Most common cause of cancer-related death! – 1.3 million deaths/year worldwide – Treated by surgery, radiation, and/or chemotherapy – Symptoms  shortness of breath, coughing (up blood), weight loss – History of smoking or 2ndhand smoke usually associated – 14% survival rates ...
Ch22.Respiratory.System_1
Ch22.Respiratory.System_1

... – History of smoking or 2ndhand smoke usually associated – 14% survival rates ...
A C-terminus Mitochondrial-localization Region and BH3 Domain of
A C-terminus Mitochondrial-localization Region and BH3 Domain of

... (Kerr et al. 1972). At the same time, the chromatin condenses in the now shrinking nucleus, in a process termed pyknosis (Kerr et al. 1972). The cellular membrane then takes on the blebbed appearance characteristic of apoptotic cells (Kerr et al. 1972). In the final stage of apoptosis, the cell pack ...
Specific amino acids in the BAR domain allow homodimerization
Specific amino acids in the BAR domain allow homodimerization

... family, Bin1, amphiphysin 1 and Rvs167. Most BAR domains consist of a three-helix bundle, which can dimerize and form a crescent-shaped structure. The positively charged concave surface of this dimeric structure senses and induces membrane curvature by binding to curved negatively charged membranes ...
central spindle and contractile ring for cytokinesis encodes a kinesin
central spindle and contractile ring for cytokinesis encodes a kinesin

... stained to reveal DNA (red) and either Peanut (A and D, green), Actin (B and E, green), or Anillin (C and F, blue). In wild type (A), Peanut is distributed beneath the cell surface, and at anaphase it accumulates near the nascent contractile ring (arrow) and remains associated with this region throu ...
Molecular events associated with acquisition of heat
Molecular events associated with acquisition of heat

... nutrient limitation, it arrests growth in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. There is evidence for the activities of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase and plasma membrane ATPase being very important in thermotolerance determination. Also, intracellular water activity and trehalose probably exert a stro ...
Centrosome Maturation and Mitotic Spindle Assembly in C. elegans
Centrosome Maturation and Mitotic Spindle Assembly in C. elegans

... Genetic and biochemical studies have led to the identification of proteins that regulate key steps in centrosome duplication and maturation (Palazzo and Schatten, 2000). For example, the C. elegans ser/thr kinase ZYG-1 associates with centrioles and is required for their duplication in early embryon ...
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Endomembrane system

The endomembrane system is composed of the different membranes that are suspended in the cytoplasm within a eukaryotic cell. These membranes divide the cell into functional and structural compartments, or organelles. In eukaryotes the organelles of the endomembrane system include: the nuclear membrane, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, endosomes and the cell membrane. The system is defined more accurately as the set of membranes that form a single functional and developmental unit, either being connected directly, or exchanging material through vesicle transport. Importantly, the endomembrane system does not include the membranes of mitochondria or chloroplasts.The nuclear membrane contains two lipid bilayers that encompass the contents of the nucleus. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a synthesis and transport organelle that branches into the cytoplasm in plant and animal cells. The Golgi apparatus is a series of multiple compartments where molecules are packaged for delivery to other cell components or for secretion from the cell. Vacuoles, which are found in both plant and animal cells (though much bigger in plant cells), are responsible for maintaining the shape and structure of the cell as well as storing waste products. A vesicle is a relatively small, membrane-enclosed sac that stores or transports substances. The cell membrane, is a protective barrier that regulates what enters and leaves the cell. There is also an organelle known as the Spitzenkörper that is only found in fungi, and is connected with hyphal tip growth.In prokaryotes endomembranes are rare, although in many photosynthetic bacteria the plasma membrane is highly folded and most of the cell cytoplasm is filled with layers of light-gathering membrane. These light-gathering membranes may even form enclosed structures called chlorosomes in green sulfur bacteria.The organelles of the endomembrane system are related through direct contact or by the transfer of membrane segments as vesicles. Despite these relationships, the various membranes are not identical in structure and function. The thickness, molecular composition, and metabolic behavior of a membrane are not fixed, they may be modified several times during the membrane's life. One unifying characteristic the membranes share is a lipid bilayer, with proteins attached to either side or traversing them.
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