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In the prevailing view Conducitn is usually considered to act as a
In the prevailing view Conducitn is usually considered to act as a

... Smalley et al., 1999; Wu et al., 2009; Zeng et al., 2008). Axin molecules form dynamic oligomers by head-to-tail interaction of their DIX domains (Fiedler et al., 2011; Kishida et al., 1999). These complexes, often seen as cytoplasmic puncta upon overexpression, are thought to provide high avidity i ...
Conditioning of Roots with Hypoxia Increases
Conditioning of Roots with Hypoxia Increases

... affect root plasma membrane (PM) potential. While the low pH alone could depolarize the membrane potential through rapid H+ influx into root tissue (Bose et al. 2010a), there is still controversy regarding whether Al induces depolarization or hyperpolarizition of the PM (Bose et al. 2010b). In contr ...
pdf: Baskin 2013
pdf: Baskin 2013

arc6, an extreme chloroplast division mutant of Arabidopsis also
arc6, an extreme chloroplast division mutant of Arabidopsis also

... Fig. 2E sequential sections are shown through a representative cell from the arc6 apical meristem (Fig. 2C) and clearly show how small individual arc6 proplastid profiles contribute to a single large proplastid with a complex three-dimensional morphology. arc6 proplastids have many surface protubera ...
Microsporidia: Why Make Nucleotides if You Can Steal Them?
Microsporidia: Why Make Nucleotides if You Can Steal Them?

The Respiratory System in the Head and Neck The Nose The nose
The Respiratory System in the Head and Neck The Nose The nose

... It is in the pharynx that the air and food pathways cross. This is made possible by the presence of the soft palate, which serves as a flap-valve. This flap shuts off the mouth from the oropharynx, for example, during the process of chewing food so that breathing may continue unaffected. The complet ...
Redox regulation of cysteine
Redox regulation of cysteine

... treat animals. Either by design or because of a side effect, treatments to prevent or cure disease in animals may have a significant impact on the balance of oxidants and antioxidants. Obviously, mitochondria are one such drug target that can have a dramatic impact on the production of oxidants beca ...
Mapping the Synthetic Dosage Lethality Network of CDK1/CDC28
Mapping the Synthetic Dosage Lethality Network of CDK1/CDC28

... activated by its cyclin partners, which are differentially expressed throughout the cell cycle. CyclinCdc28 complexes coordinate the cell cycle by phosphorylating specific proteins involved in DNA replication and repair, telomere homeostasis, cell growth and morphogenesis, lipid synthesis, formation ...
Cytolysin-dependent delay of vacuole maturation in
Cytolysin-dependent delay of vacuole maturation in

... are unlikely to still be associated with the vacuolar compartments from which they escaped. Second, the timing of Lm escape varies between 15 and 30 min after infection, so there is no one time point to fix cells for analysis. Third, only some of the vacuoles are perforated, while others retain Lm a ...
Sequential depolarization of root cortical and stelar cells induced by
Sequential depolarization of root cortical and stelar cells induced by

... cytosolic K+ was shown to decrease rapidly upon salt treatment (in Arabidopsis; Shabala et al. 2006). The ability to retain K+ most effectively (i.e. to minimize K+ efflux when Na+ was administered) turned out to be a trait that correlated strongly with the ability to thrive at high salt concentrati ...
Phloem imaging - Oxford Academic
Phloem imaging - Oxford Academic

Enzymatic reduction of disulfide bonds in lysosomes
Enzymatic reduction of disulfide bonds in lysosomes

... eduction, oxidation, and isomerization of protein disulfide bonds in the cytosol and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of eukaryotic cells are carried out by enzymes of the thioredoxin family (1). Protein disulfide isomerase and related molecules catalyze the formation and isomerization of protein disulfid ...
Metabolism, cell growth and the bacterial cell cycle
Metabolism, cell growth and the bacterial cell cycle

... Cell growth and the initiation of chromosome replication. The achievement of a specific size or mass has been widely accepted as the primary mechanism that links cell growth to the initiation of chromosome replication. According to this model, a factor that is required for the initiation of replicat ...
Cell cycle behavior of human HP1 subtypes: distinct
Cell cycle behavior of human HP1 subtypes: distinct

Biochemical characterization of the vanilloid receptor 1 expressed in
Biochemical characterization of the vanilloid receptor 1 expressed in

Evidence for land plant cell wall biosynthetic mechanisms in
Evidence for land plant cell wall biosynthetic mechanisms in

... glycosyl transferases (GTs), while land plants contain hundreds. The number of GTs in CGA is currently unknown, as no genomes are available, so this study sought to give insight into the evolution of the biosynthetic machinery of CGA through an analysis of available transcriptomes. † Methods Availab ...
video slide - Course
video slide - Course

... Biological Clocks and Circadian Rhythms • Many plant processes oscillate during the day. • Many legumes lower their leaves in the evening and raise them in the morning, even when kept under constant light or dark conditions. ...
Structural Investigations of Liposomes: Effect of Phospholipid
Structural Investigations of Liposomes: Effect of Phospholipid

... the phosopholipid can be used to predict which structures will form (Israelachvili 1991). These parameters most efficiently predict the structures of unilamellar, single component supramolecular structures (Israelachvili 1991). In a multilamellar structure the interaction of head groups between sepa ...
p-Glycoprotein-Mediated Transport of a Fluorescent Rapamycin
p-Glycoprotein-Mediated Transport of a Fluorescent Rapamycin

... similar to those shown to be effective for other MDR reversal agents, such as CSA and verapamil. These findings document an interaction between rapamycin and p-glycoprotein, but they do not address the question of whether the drug is a substrate for transport. In the present study we used confocal m ...
Non-Targeted and Targeted Protein Movement
Non-Targeted and Targeted Protein Movement

as a PDF
as a PDF

... form (1-5). The cortical microtubule array is proposed to inuence cell shape by guiding the deposition of new cell wall polymers (4,6,7). Aligning the cellulose microbrils in the cell wall restricts cell elongation, resulting in anisotropic cell wall expansion and the acquisition of specialized ce ...
Ciliary Microtubule Capping Structures Contain A
Ciliary Microtubule Capping Structures Contain A

... in the axonemal fraction. The 34-kD polypeptide that occasionally stained in the capping or axonemal fraction was not stained with the affinity-purified antibody. To insure that the antibodies to the 97-kD polypeptide were not directed against carbohydrates, which could be collected near the membran ...
Ameba Coloring - Learn District 196
Ameba Coloring - Learn District 196

... flagella, but the ameba has an unusual way of creeping along by stretching its cytoplasm into fingerlike extensions called pseudopodia. (The word "pseudopodia" means "false foot".) On the coloring sheet, there are several pseudopodia, use a yellow highlighter or pencil to highlight each of them (col ...
Protein Folding at the Exit Tunnel
Protein Folding at the Exit Tunnel

Quantifying the dynamic interactions between a clathrin-coated pit and cargo molecules
Quantifying the dynamic interactions between a clathrin-coated pit and cargo molecules

... modes are observed. During the initiation stage, the fluorescence intensity increases rapidly, indicating the number of clathrin molecules grows quickly. Our data indicate this initiation stage lasts on average 6.5 s, which is within the range of previous observations (19). As a CCP matures, it enter ...
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Endomembrane system

The endomembrane system is composed of the different membranes that are suspended in the cytoplasm within a eukaryotic cell. These membranes divide the cell into functional and structural compartments, or organelles. In eukaryotes the organelles of the endomembrane system include: the nuclear membrane, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, endosomes and the cell membrane. The system is defined more accurately as the set of membranes that form a single functional and developmental unit, either being connected directly, or exchanging material through vesicle transport. Importantly, the endomembrane system does not include the membranes of mitochondria or chloroplasts.The nuclear membrane contains two lipid bilayers that encompass the contents of the nucleus. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a synthesis and transport organelle that branches into the cytoplasm in plant and animal cells. The Golgi apparatus is a series of multiple compartments where molecules are packaged for delivery to other cell components or for secretion from the cell. Vacuoles, which are found in both plant and animal cells (though much bigger in plant cells), are responsible for maintaining the shape and structure of the cell as well as storing waste products. A vesicle is a relatively small, membrane-enclosed sac that stores or transports substances. The cell membrane, is a protective barrier that regulates what enters and leaves the cell. There is also an organelle known as the Spitzenkörper that is only found in fungi, and is connected with hyphal tip growth.In prokaryotes endomembranes are rare, although in many photosynthetic bacteria the plasma membrane is highly folded and most of the cell cytoplasm is filled with layers of light-gathering membrane. These light-gathering membranes may even form enclosed structures called chlorosomes in green sulfur bacteria.The organelles of the endomembrane system are related through direct contact or by the transfer of membrane segments as vesicles. Despite these relationships, the various membranes are not identical in structure and function. The thickness, molecular composition, and metabolic behavior of a membrane are not fixed, they may be modified several times during the membrane's life. One unifying characteristic the membranes share is a lipid bilayer, with proteins attached to either side or traversing them.
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