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Functional and structural studies of a C
Functional and structural studies of a C

... formed per second. Despite their size difference (prokaryotic: 70S, ~ 2.5 MDa; eukaryotic: 80S, ~ 4 MDa), ribosomes in all kingdoms of life are functionally conserved, with the highest level of sequence conservation appearing in the functional domains. The central core contains the ribosomal active ...
Characterization of Pinin, A Novel Protein Associated with the
Characterization of Pinin, A Novel Protein Associated with the

... ESMOSOMES (Macula adherens) are intimately involved in the structural and functional integration of adjacent epithelial cells. They serve as reinforcement sites of cell-cell adhesion, as well as points for lateral anchorage of the intermediate scaffold of the epithelial cell (Staehelin, 1974; Arnn a ...
Distinct Cellular Expression Pattern of Annexins in Hydra vulgaris
Distinct Cellular Expression Pattern of Annexins in Hydra vulgaris

... a head at one end and a foot at the other. The head consists of the hypostome, a domelike mouth structure surrounded by a ring of tentacles. The foot is a disc of cells that secrete a sticky substance which anchors the animal to surfaces. The body consists of a gastric cavity that is surrounded by t ...
Calcium Signaling and Homeostasis in Nuclei
Calcium Signaling and Homeostasis in Nuclei

... 2008). A recent work carried out on tobacco BY-2 cells, which have been the main cellular model used to study nuclear calcium, indicates that plant NPCs are closely related to vertebrate NPCs. They appear highly organized on the nuclear surface with a number and an arrangement depending upon the pro ...
Centrosome misorientation mediates slowing of the cell cycle under
Centrosome misorientation mediates slowing of the cell cycle under

... ent-rich versus nutrient-poor media (see presented as the mean ± SD in all figures. n > 300/data point. Flies were cultured in the Supplemental Table S1 for media recipe). indicated media until the adult stage and then kept in/transferred to the indicated media at day The poor media, which contained ...
the 5 kingdmcard 5 - Henrico County Public Schools
the 5 kingdmcard 5 - Henrico County Public Schools

... All animal and plant cells have a nucleus, cytoplasm, vacuoles, and a cell membrane. SOL 5.5 ...
The p101 subunit of PI3Kγ restores activation by Gβ mutants
The p101 subunit of PI3Kγ restores activation by Gβ mutants

... Class I PI3Ks (phosphoinositide 3-kinases) are secondmessenger-generating enzymes, which transform extracellular signals into the principle product PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 in order to control a plethora of fundamental cellular responses, including proliferation, differentiation, growth and chemotaxis [1–8]. ...
pdf: Rahman et al. 2007.
pdf: Rahman et al. 2007.

... (Stasinopoulos and Hangarter, 1990). To characterize the mechanism of inhibition of root elongation by auxin, we pursued a kinematic approach. First, we evaluated the time course of root elongation rate (Figure 1a–c). Seedlings were grown for 4 days, transplanted onto medium with auxins as indicated ...
Hormonally Regulated Programmed Cell Death in
Hormonally Regulated Programmed Cell Death in

the uptake of valine and cytidine by sea
the uptake of valine and cytidine by sea

... cell division. A longer-term experiment with valine showed that the uptake rate remained approximately constant until the pluteus stage, and was not altered for the first l o h by a actinomycin D. Continuous labelling experiments indicated that the uptake rate may be controlled by the level of precu ...
Dynamics of Tubulovesicular Recycling Endosomes in Hippocampal
Dynamics of Tubulovesicular Recycling Endosomes in Hippocampal

Apoptotic cell clearance: basic biology and therapeutic potential
Apoptotic cell clearance: basic biology and therapeutic potential

... (for example nucleotides) or microparticle-associated molecules (including CX3C-chemokine ligand 1 (CX3CL1) and intercellular adhesion molecule 3 (ICAM3)) to recruit phagocytes for cell clearance. Nucleotides are released from apoptotic cells through caspase-activated pannexin 1 (PANX1) membrane cha ...
Comparison of Methods for Estimating Unbound Intracellular
Comparison of Methods for Estimating Unbound Intracellular

antoniadi_et_al._2015.
antoniadi_et_al._2015.

... Cytokinins (CKs) play a crucial role in many physiological and developmental processes at the levels of individual plant components (cells, tissues, and organs) and by coordinating activities across these parts. High-resolution measurements of intracellular CKs in different plant tissues can therefo ...
Audiometry–Anatomy of the ear – 3064-1/HLSP
Audiometry–Anatomy of the ear – 3064-1/HLSP

... These glands (sebaceous and ceruminous) produce substances that combine into a substance we commonly refer to as wax or cerumen. This section of the external auditory meatus also contains hair follicles. These hairs in conjunction with the wax help to keep foreign bodies and dirt from reaching the i ...
The Roles of Germin Gene Products in Plants Under
The Roles of Germin Gene Products in Plants Under

Cytoplasmic streaming in plants
Cytoplasmic streaming in plants

... insensitive to Ca2þ, even though this myosin also has IQ motifs and an association of calmodulin with its heavy chain has been suggested [15]. Moreover, studies using a model in which plant cells are stripped of their membranes unequivocally demonstrated that cytoplasmic streaming in Characeae is re ...
Microtubule-Associated Protein 1B
Microtubule-Associated Protein 1B

... Purification of GST-Fusion Proteins. Vectors (pGEX-6P-1) expressing GST-fusions of individual EPAC1 domains in bacteria were generated previously as described in Magiera et al. (2004). GSTfusions of the CAT domain (amino acids 619–881), CAMP domain (amino acids 199–316), Dishevelled, Egl-10, and ple ...
Serial killers: ordering caspase activation events in apoptosis
Serial killers: ordering caspase activation events in apoptosis

... threat of damage to proteins other than their intended targets. For this reason, the potentially destructive forces of proteases are typically muzzled within the cell until their services are required. This is usually achieved in two basic ways: (1) many proteases are synthesized as inactive pro-enz ...
Renin Precursor Synthesis and Renin
Renin Precursor Synthesis and Renin

Full-Text PDF
Full-Text PDF

... bound allosteric effectors ADP and ATP (see sections 3), and studies have shown that acidic phospholipids can inhibit the formation of the replicatively active nucleoprotein complex at the origin of chromosomal replication (oriC) in E. coli [49,50] (see section 7). The molar ratios of membrane phosp ...
Chapter 17. Cytoskeleton Chapter 17. Cytoskeleton Chapter 17
Chapter 17. Cytoskeleton Chapter 17. Cytoskeleton Chapter 17

... Chapter 17. Cytoskeleton • Cells are not “bags of enzymes”, but rather organized in three dimensions. • This organization is carried out by the cytoskeleton, the “bones and muscles” (and more) of cells. • Cells are thousands of times larger than a typical molecule. Therefore the cytoskeleton must lo ...
original version
original version

... bound allosteric effectors ADP and ATP (see sections 3), and studies have shown that acidic phospholipids can inhibit the formation of the replicatively active nucleoprotein complex at the origin of chromosomal replication (oriC) in E. coli [49,50] (see section 7). The molar ratios of membrane phosp ...
Genetic and Molecular Mechanisms Controlling Reactive
Genetic and Molecular Mechanisms Controlling Reactive

... In the present work, the regulation and mechanisms of cellular responses, such as cell death and signalling of systemic acquired acclimation (SAA), in response to environmentally induced oxidative stress in Arabidopsis are characterized. We used the lesion simulating disease1 (lsd1) mutant as a gene ...
Lessons on longevity from budding yeast
Lessons on longevity from budding yeast

... The past decade has seen fundamental advances in our understanding of the ageing process and raised optimism that interventions to slow ageing may be on the horizon. Studies of budding yeast have made immense contributions to this progress. Yeast longevity factors have now been shown to modulate age ...
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Endomembrane system

The endomembrane system is composed of the different membranes that are suspended in the cytoplasm within a eukaryotic cell. These membranes divide the cell into functional and structural compartments, or organelles. In eukaryotes the organelles of the endomembrane system include: the nuclear membrane, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, endosomes and the cell membrane. The system is defined more accurately as the set of membranes that form a single functional and developmental unit, either being connected directly, or exchanging material through vesicle transport. Importantly, the endomembrane system does not include the membranes of mitochondria or chloroplasts.The nuclear membrane contains two lipid bilayers that encompass the contents of the nucleus. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a synthesis and transport organelle that branches into the cytoplasm in plant and animal cells. The Golgi apparatus is a series of multiple compartments where molecules are packaged for delivery to other cell components or for secretion from the cell. Vacuoles, which are found in both plant and animal cells (though much bigger in plant cells), are responsible for maintaining the shape and structure of the cell as well as storing waste products. A vesicle is a relatively small, membrane-enclosed sac that stores or transports substances. The cell membrane, is a protective barrier that regulates what enters and leaves the cell. There is also an organelle known as the Spitzenkörper that is only found in fungi, and is connected with hyphal tip growth.In prokaryotes endomembranes are rare, although in many photosynthetic bacteria the plasma membrane is highly folded and most of the cell cytoplasm is filled with layers of light-gathering membrane. These light-gathering membranes may even form enclosed structures called chlorosomes in green sulfur bacteria.The organelles of the endomembrane system are related through direct contact or by the transfer of membrane segments as vesicles. Despite these relationships, the various membranes are not identical in structure and function. The thickness, molecular composition, and metabolic behavior of a membrane are not fixed, they may be modified several times during the membrane's life. One unifying characteristic the membranes share is a lipid bilayer, with proteins attached to either side or traversing them.
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