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Root-knot nematodes manipulate plant cell functions during a
Root-knot nematodes manipulate plant cell functions during a

... nematode invasion (12 h post-inoculation) but was not detectable cytologically 2 dpi, at the time of giant cell induction (Melillo et al., 2006). Global analysis has shown that the successful establishment of RKN infestation is associated with the suppression of plant defense responses (Jammes et al ...
Polarity and endocytosis: reciprocal regulation
Polarity and endocytosis: reciprocal regulation

... some weight to the requirement of lysosomal transport rather than recycling. Other manipulations that would distinguish these routes have yet to be reported. It is of some surprise that, with the exception of Rab11, fly epithelial cells lacking central regulators of endocytosis can survive, and not ...
University number : 42904352 Diuretics Introduction: In this journal, I
University number : 42904352 Diuretics Introduction: In this journal, I

... University number : 42904352 Diuretics ...
Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration: Original
Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration: Original

... 7. The light-dependent reactions produce oxygen gas and convert ADP and NADP+ into ATP and NADPH. The light-dependent reactions occur in different ares of the thylakoid, called photosystem I and photosystem II. 8. The Calvin uses ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent reactions to produce high-energ ...
1. (a) cells if more than one box is ticked, award no mark 1 (b) tail 1
1. (a) cells if more than one box is ticked, award no mark 1 (b) tail 1

... blood flowing around the body’ ‘you would die’ is insufficient ...
PDF Fulltext
PDF Fulltext

... ry eye is a frequently encountered disorder of the tear film caused by tear deficiency or excessive evaporation of the tear film that causes damage to the interpalpebral ocular surface and is associated with symptoms of discomfort[1]. Decreased tear volume, increased osmolarity, disorder of cytokine ...
Transport functions and physiological significance of 76 kDa Ral
Transport functions and physiological significance of 76 kDa Ral

... Bacterially expressed RLIP76 showed catalytic properties similar to those of DNP-SG ATPase purified from human tissues. RLIP76 had constitutive ATPase activity that was stimulated by anionic (e.g., DNP-SG), as well as cationic (e.g., DOX) ligands (Awasthi et al., 2000; 2001c; Singhal et al., 2001). ...
Segmented Worms
Segmented Worms

... quickly go to their burrow underground, and hide for protection. Some of these worms sit-&-wait in their burrow and they are ready to attack any animal that comes too close. ...
"Unusual" modifications and variations of
"Unusual" modifications and variations of

... source are similar in general structure to the corresponding ones we previously found in the cultured pulmonary artery endothelial cells (Sundblad et al., 1988), carrying chondroitin sulfate, heparin/heparan sulfate, or keratan sulfate glycosaminoglycan chains. A significant proportion of these mole ...
8. Blood Vessels
8. Blood Vessels

... looking for uneven flow that reflects the pulse. The major arteries of the body are located deep inside the tissues, where they are protected from superficial trauma. In contrast, the many veins are closer to the surface of the body. Although you cannot see the major arteries, you can feel them wher ...
The ecological digestive system and its colonisation
The ecological digestive system and its colonisation

... organisms form thick layers on an epithelial surface. Such layers have been found on stratified squamous epithelia and on secreting columnar epithelia. In the case of squamous epithelia, microbial cells may adhere to the squames or to keratinocytes. Organisms adherent to such cells form a base to wh ...
1 Sporulation, bacterial cell envelopes, and the origin of life Elitza I
1 Sporulation, bacterial cell envelopes, and the origin of life Elitza I

... cells. We also review the images of Gram-negative and Gram-positive cell walls that show they are more closely related than previously thought, and explain how this provides critical support for the hypothesis. Mapping the distribution of cell envelope architectures onto the most recent phylogenetic ...
Colloidal Gold-Mediated Delivery of Bleomycin for Improved
Colloidal Gold-Mediated Delivery of Bleomycin for Improved

... to tumors while causing minimum side effects. Many of the side effects of anticancer drugs are caused because of their nonspecific attack on all rapidly dividing cells. Hence, GNPs can be used to resolve certain limitations in chemotherapy such as side effects through targeting and effective loading ...
Intracellular and extracellular in vivo recording of
Intracellular and extracellular in vivo recording of

... fields in the expected proportions, but since we detected no other response property that correlated with on or off center type, we pooled across these center types for data analysis. ...
Biochemical Tests of Renal Function
Biochemical Tests of Renal Function

...  Clearance of substances that are filtered exclusively or predominantly by the glomeruli but neither reabsorbed nor secreted by other regions of the nephron can be used to measure GFR. GFR = ...
Identification of Primary Lysosomes in Human
Identification of Primary Lysosomes in Human

... distribuproduct but the In ...
Meiosis II
Meiosis II

... Normal human body cells each contain 46 chromosomes. The cell division process that body cells undergo is called mitosis and produces daughter cells that are virtually identical to the parent cell. Working with a partner, discuss and answer the questions that follow. ...
Rapid movement of axonal neurofilaments interrupted by prolonged
Rapid movement of axonal neurofilaments interrupted by prolonged

... considerable controversy17–19. Our observations of naturally occurring gaps in the axonal neurofilament array show that neurofilament polymers move in axons and this provides direct support for the polymer-transport hypothesis of slow axonal transport. A more general test of this hypothesis will als ...
Effect of n-butanol and cold pretreatment on the cytoskeleton and
Effect of n-butanol and cold pretreatment on the cytoskeleton and

... Production of double haploid (DH) plants is a valuable tool in conventional breeding. This technique reduces the time needed for the development of new, improved varieties. Developing microspores of higher plants possess the ability to switch their default gametophytic developmental program to the s ...
Physiology of red blood cells and haemoglobin variants - e
Physiology of red blood cells and haemoglobin variants - e

... process of erythropoeisis. Stem cells, under the influence of erythropoietin, develop into erythroblasts, at which point they start to synthesise haemoglobin. Mature erythrocytes are biconcave discs measuring 7.5 m (microns or thousandths of a millimetre) in diameter. Their thick outer rim measures ...
Expression of a Nondegradable Cyclin B1 Affects
Expression of a Nondegradable Cyclin B1 Affects

... shape. Here, we show that impaired cyclin B1 degradation, resulting from a mutation within its destruction box, leads to an isodiametric shape of epidermal cells in leaves, stems, and roots and retarded growth of seedlings. Microtubules in these misshaped cells are grossly disorganized, focused arou ...
Plasma Membrane Permeability of Root
Plasma Membrane Permeability of Root

... container filled with 8 liters of tap water under aeration at 27°C in a growth room under fluorescent white light (18 ftE m~2 s"1) with a 14-h photoperiod. To maintain high humidity, each container was covered with a polyvinyl sheet and the seeds sprayed with deionized water. Three or four-d-old see ...
Earthworm Dissection Lab
Earthworm Dissection Lab

... Earthworm Dissection Lab Pre-lab Discussion: The earthworm belongs to a group of animals called annelids (segmented worms). The body of an annelid is usually divided internally and externally into well-defined segments, which may be separated from each other by membranous partitions. Except for the ...
Expression of a Nondegradable Cyclin B1 Affects
Expression of a Nondegradable Cyclin B1 Affects

... shape. Here, we show that impaired cyclin B1 degradation, resulting from a mutation within its destruction box, leads to an isodiametric shape of epidermal cells in leaves, stems, and roots and retarded growth of seedlings. Microtubules in these misshaped cells are grossly disorganized, focused arou ...
to the complete text
to the complete text

... turgor as a driving force is not at all apparent from the observation that homeostatic mechanisms maintain relatively constant levels of pressure in fungi like Neurospora crassa over a wide range of environmental conditions. In his pioneering work on hyphal and root hair growth, Max Otto Reinhardt ( ...
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Organ-on-a-chip

An organ-on-a-chip (OC) is a multi-channel 3-D microfluidic cell culture chip that simulates the activities, mechanics and physiological response of entire organs and organ systems. It constitutes the subject matter of significant biomedical engineering research, more precisely in bio-MEMS. The convergence of labs-on-chips (LOCs) and cell biology has permitted the study of human physiology in an organ-specific context, introducing a novel model of in vitro multicellular human organisms. One day, they will perhaps abolish the need for animals in drug development and toxin testing.Although multiple publications claim to have translated organ functions onto this interface, the movement towards this microfluidic application is still in its infancy. Organs-on-chips will vary in design and approach between different researchers. As such, validation and optimization of these systems will likely be a long process. Organs that have been simulated by microfluidic devices include the heart, the lung, kidney, artery, bone, cartilage, skin and more.Nevertheless, building valid artificial organs requires not only a precise cellular manipulation, but a detailed understanding of the human body’s fundamental intricate response to any event. A common concern with organs-on-chips lies in the isolation of organs during testing. ""If you don’t use as close to the total physiological system that you can, you’re likely to run into troubles"" says William Haseltine, founder of Rockville, Maryland. Microfabrication, microelectronics and microfluidics offer the prospect of modeling sophisticated in vitro physiological responses under accurately simulated conditions.
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