The Haustorium, a Specialized Invasive Organ in Parasitic Plants
... Despite the taxonomic divergence of parasitic species, all parasitic plants share a common feature: the haustorium, a specialized organ for host attachment, invasion, vasculature connection, and material transfer between the host and the parasite (Figure 1). The word haustorium comes from the Latin ...
... Despite the taxonomic divergence of parasitic species, all parasitic plants share a common feature: the haustorium, a specialized organ for host attachment, invasion, vasculature connection, and material transfer between the host and the parasite (Figure 1). The word haustorium comes from the Latin ...
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... has recently been identified as a major gliotransmitter in the central nervous system that serves as an endogenous ligand for the glycine site of NMDA receptors (3–6). However, many aspects regarding D-serine release still need to be addressed. Although it has been suggested that astrocytes may rele ...
... has recently been identified as a major gliotransmitter in the central nervous system that serves as an endogenous ligand for the glycine site of NMDA receptors (3–6). However, many aspects regarding D-serine release still need to be addressed. Although it has been suggested that astrocytes may rele ...
Introduction - ART
... frequently by mediating the selective degradation of master regulatory proteins by proteasomes. The progression of the cell cycle (Koepp et al., 1999), the induction of the inflammatory response (Ghosh et al., 1998), and antigen presentation (Rock. et al., 1999) are just a few of the many processes ...
... frequently by mediating the selective degradation of master regulatory proteins by proteasomes. The progression of the cell cycle (Koepp et al., 1999), the induction of the inflammatory response (Ghosh et al., 1998), and antigen presentation (Rock. et al., 1999) are just a few of the many processes ...
Cytoskeletal Drugs and Gravity-Induced Lateral Auxin Transport in
... were examined microscopically. The inner tissues in the apical 5 mm were rich in amyloplasts and their abundance decreased towards the base. Amyloplasts were especially numerous in the bundle sheath, but also all over the ground parenchyma. In all of these cells, the amyloplasts were found to be hig ...
... were examined microscopically. The inner tissues in the apical 5 mm were rich in amyloplasts and their abundance decreased towards the base. Amyloplasts were especially numerous in the bundle sheath, but also all over the ground parenchyma. In all of these cells, the amyloplasts were found to be hig ...
Inhibition of Golgi function causes plastid starch accumulation
... Accumulation of starch in C. noctigama has similar advantages to BY-2 cells regarding suitability for BFA treatment. Complete disassembly of the Golgi apparatus was observed in Chlamydomonas within 4 h in response to BFA (Hummel et al., 2007). Plastids in this single-cell green alga are morphologica ...
... Accumulation of starch in C. noctigama has similar advantages to BY-2 cells regarding suitability for BFA treatment. Complete disassembly of the Golgi apparatus was observed in Chlamydomonas within 4 h in response to BFA (Hummel et al., 2007). Plastids in this single-cell green alga are morphologica ...
Guard cell photosynthesis and stomatal function
... However, our understanding of the perception of, and precise response of stomata to, different environmental stimuli is not complete. The fact that stomata in isolated epidermal peels respond to various environmental factors suggests that part of the sensory mechanisms is located in the epidermis (W ...
... However, our understanding of the perception of, and precise response of stomata to, different environmental stimuli is not complete. The fact that stomata in isolated epidermal peels respond to various environmental factors suggests that part of the sensory mechanisms is located in the epidermis (W ...
Fcg Receptor Deficiency Attenuates Diabetic Nephropathy
... through the activation of pathways associated with innate and adaptive immunity. Most forms of modified LDL are immunogenic and induce autoantibody production; these proinflammatory properties are greatly increased by the formation of LDL-containing immune complexes.8 This adaptive immune response to ...
... through the activation of pathways associated with innate and adaptive immunity. Most forms of modified LDL are immunogenic and induce autoantibody production; these proinflammatory properties are greatly increased by the formation of LDL-containing immune complexes.8 This adaptive immune response to ...
Transcriptional repression by MYB3R proteins regulates plant organ
... Based on the expression of selected genes "early" and "later" in development (Fig. 2b,c,d) the authors suggest that G2/M genes are de-repressed in differentiated cells. They do not exclude the possibility that such differences could also be a consequence of prolonged cell division activity and/or pr ...
... Based on the expression of selected genes "early" and "later" in development (Fig. 2b,c,d) the authors suggest that G2/M genes are de-repressed in differentiated cells. They do not exclude the possibility that such differences could also be a consequence of prolonged cell division activity and/or pr ...
Dynamic regulation of the GABAA receptor function by redox
... TM1 to TM4, with TM2 contributing to the ionic channel), a short intracellular loop (M1M2 linker), a small extracellular loop (M2-M3 linker), a bulky intracellular loop (M3-M4 linker), and an extracellular C-terminus (Fig. 1). Two cysteine residues located at the external N-terminus of the GABAAR su ...
... TM1 to TM4, with TM2 contributing to the ionic channel), a short intracellular loop (M1M2 linker), a small extracellular loop (M2-M3 linker), a bulky intracellular loop (M3-M4 linker), and an extracellular C-terminus (Fig. 1). Two cysteine residues located at the external N-terminus of the GABAAR su ...
ZEBRANECROSIS, a thylakoidbound protein, is critical for the
... mutant phenotype is formed by unequal impairment of chloroplast biogenesis before emergence from the leaf sheath under alternate light/dark or high/low temperatures (restrictive), but not under constant light and temperature (permissive) conditions. Map-based cloning revealed that ZN encodes a thyla ...
... mutant phenotype is formed by unequal impairment of chloroplast biogenesis before emergence from the leaf sheath under alternate light/dark or high/low temperatures (restrictive), but not under constant light and temperature (permissive) conditions. Map-based cloning revealed that ZN encodes a thyla ...
Structural and chemical differences in the cell wall regions in
... Total protein concentrations used in each enzyme assay were determined using the bicinchoninic acid method.29 A commercially available kit was used and manufacturer’s instructions followed using bovine serum albumin protein as a standard (Pierce BCA Protein Assay Kit, Pierce, Rockford, IL, USA). Mic ...
... Total protein concentrations used in each enzyme assay were determined using the bicinchoninic acid method.29 A commercially available kit was used and manufacturer’s instructions followed using bovine serum albumin protein as a standard (Pierce BCA Protein Assay Kit, Pierce, Rockford, IL, USA). Mic ...
Classes of programmed cell death in plants
... ‘Autolytic’ PCD often requires serine proteases and/or cysteine proteases (Pak and van Doorn, 2005), but the precise role of most of these proteases in PCD, other than degradation of bulk protein, is still largely unknown. KDEL-tailed cysteine proteinases reside in rough endoplasmic reticulum-derive ...
... ‘Autolytic’ PCD often requires serine proteases and/or cysteine proteases (Pak and van Doorn, 2005), but the precise role of most of these proteases in PCD, other than degradation of bulk protein, is still largely unknown. KDEL-tailed cysteine proteinases reside in rough endoplasmic reticulum-derive ...
THE ROLE OF 5-ALPHA REDUCTASE 3 IN STEROID METABOLISM
... Despite the discovery of a surprising role of SRD5A3 in protein glycosylation, this enzyme’s localization and role in prostate cancer remained a mystery. Two studies by Godoy and Yamana analyzed the distribution of SRD5A3 in human tissues using immunohistochemical studies (49, 50). They found that S ...
... Despite the discovery of a surprising role of SRD5A3 in protein glycosylation, this enzyme’s localization and role in prostate cancer remained a mystery. Two studies by Godoy and Yamana analyzed the distribution of SRD5A3 in human tissues using immunohistochemical studies (49, 50). They found that S ...
Folie 1 - German Cancer Research Center
... different structure, different distribution on cells in the body, and different function • Peptides, that bind to MHC class I or II are derived of different compartments and are of different length • The expression of MHC class I molecules can be regulated by interferon-g. ...
... different structure, different distribution on cells in the body, and different function • Peptides, that bind to MHC class I or II are derived of different compartments and are of different length • The expression of MHC class I molecules can be regulated by interferon-g. ...
A bi-functional siRNA construct induces RNA
... of RNAi that have hitherto proved problematic for study owing to the very low levels of siRNA involved. With this objective in mind we next asked if crook siRNA can be recovered from cells and quantified in the presence of cellular RNA. Recovery and quantification of crook siRNA from transfected mam ...
... of RNAi that have hitherto proved problematic for study owing to the very low levels of siRNA involved. With this objective in mind we next asked if crook siRNA can be recovered from cells and quantified in the presence of cellular RNA. Recovery and quantification of crook siRNA from transfected mam ...
Maternal control of the Drosophila dorsalventral body axis
... screen, in which site-specific mitotic recombination was used to generate homozygous mutant germline clones that produce progeny embryos with patterning defects, led to the identification of three additional genes, krapfen/myd88, seele, and weckle, which should also be considered members of the dors ...
... screen, in which site-specific mitotic recombination was used to generate homozygous mutant germline clones that produce progeny embryos with patterning defects, led to the identification of three additional genes, krapfen/myd88, seele, and weckle, which should also be considered members of the dors ...
Isolation and biological activity of extracellular slime associated with
... growth phase are highly metabolically active, and this should be con sidered when comparing enzyme induction of these cells to that of swarm cells. Howat (1981) sought to determine whether or not a stored energy source might be implicated with swarming of 2- mirabilis. ...
... growth phase are highly metabolically active, and this should be con sidered when comparing enzyme induction of these cells to that of swarm cells. Howat (1981) sought to determine whether or not a stored energy source might be implicated with swarming of 2- mirabilis. ...
Many ways to telomere dysfunction: in vivo studies using
... Telomerase-independent elongating activities at the mammalian telomere Human cell lines and tumors that lack telomerase activity, however, are able to maintain or elongate their telomeres by alternative mechanisms, which have been termed ALT (Bryan et al., 1995; 1997). In mammalian ALT cells, DNA se ...
... Telomerase-independent elongating activities at the mammalian telomere Human cell lines and tumors that lack telomerase activity, however, are able to maintain or elongate their telomeres by alternative mechanisms, which have been termed ALT (Bryan et al., 1995; 1997). In mammalian ALT cells, DNA se ...
Structure and mechanism of ATP-dependent phospholipid transporters
... Fig. 1. General structure of ABC transporters and P-type ATPases. (A) Secondary structure of ABC transporters. The ABC transporter exists both as a monomer full transporter and as a dimer consisting of two half transporters. In either case, this type of transporter contains two transmembrane domains ...
... Fig. 1. General structure of ABC transporters and P-type ATPases. (A) Secondary structure of ABC transporters. The ABC transporter exists both as a monomer full transporter and as a dimer consisting of two half transporters. In either case, this type of transporter contains two transmembrane domains ...
Volume 94, issue 2 July 2011 ...
... developed a specialized chamber system in which neurons are cultured on two initially contiguous platforms that are pulled apart by a stepper motor (Pfister et al., 2006, 2004). The axons of neurons plated onto these platforms can be elongated to lengths of 10 cm at a sustained rate of 8 mm/d (330 mm ...
... developed a specialized chamber system in which neurons are cultured on two initially contiguous platforms that are pulled apart by a stepper motor (Pfister et al., 2006, 2004). The axons of neurons plated onto these platforms can be elongated to lengths of 10 cm at a sustained rate of 8 mm/d (330 mm ...
Gene Section CD44 (CD44 molecule (Indian blood group))
... compared against benign breast tissues. Nevertheless, CD44s has been reported to be essential for breast cancer invasion and metastasis to the liver. CD44 with variant exon 4 is upregulated in breast cancer and plays a role in cancer cell migration across endothelial monolayers. Soluble CD44v6 is el ...
... compared against benign breast tissues. Nevertheless, CD44s has been reported to be essential for breast cancer invasion and metastasis to the liver. CD44 with variant exon 4 is upregulated in breast cancer and plays a role in cancer cell migration across endothelial monolayers. Soluble CD44v6 is el ...
measuring force in the developing zebrafish embryo using
... In addition to large-scale movement of tissue in sheets, changes in force are also capable of driving migration of cells acting as independent entities. This is particularly evident in a phenomenon called differential adhesion. According to the differential adhesion hypothesis, cells segregate base ...
... In addition to large-scale movement of tissue in sheets, changes in force are also capable of driving migration of cells acting as independent entities. This is particularly evident in a phenomenon called differential adhesion. According to the differential adhesion hypothesis, cells segregate base ...
Enzymes That Scavenge Reactive Oxygen
... 1997; del Rio et al., 1998; Jimenez et al., 1998). During leaf senescence, CAT activity decreases, whereas the activity of enzymes that generate ROS such as urate oxidase and xanthine oxidase are stimulated (del Rio et al., 1998). Cell death that occurs during the pathogen-induced hypersensitive res ...
... 1997; del Rio et al., 1998; Jimenez et al., 1998). During leaf senescence, CAT activity decreases, whereas the activity of enzymes that generate ROS such as urate oxidase and xanthine oxidase are stimulated (del Rio et al., 1998). Cell death that occurs during the pathogen-induced hypersensitive res ...
Constrained transcription factor spacing is prevalent and important
... motif spacing can be divided into two main tasks as denoted by (I) and (II) below. The first part (‘Scanning ChIP-seq peaks for known motifs’) describes the procedure to identify high-confidence binding sites of not just the TF precipitated in each experiment but also binding sites of regulatory par ...
... motif spacing can be divided into two main tasks as denoted by (I) and (II) below. The first part (‘Scanning ChIP-seq peaks for known motifs’) describes the procedure to identify high-confidence binding sites of not just the TF precipitated in each experiment but also binding sites of regulatory par ...
Fcg Receptor Deficiency Attenuates Diabetic Nephropathy
... mice.9 Patients with type 1 diabetes have elevated serum levels of antibodies, predominantly IgG against proteins modified by glycoxidation or lipoxidation, including oxidized LDL, malondialdehyde-modified LDL, and advanced glycation end products–modified LDL,10,11 even though these patient cohorts do ...
... mice.9 Patients with type 1 diabetes have elevated serum levels of antibodies, predominantly IgG against proteins modified by glycoxidation or lipoxidation, including oxidized LDL, malondialdehyde-modified LDL, and advanced glycation end products–modified LDL,10,11 even though these patient cohorts do ...