CHAPTER 3: Early tissue patterning is recreated by MEFs in... Figure 5: Osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation of MEFs cultured in
... Moreover, a dose-response inhibitory effect on the 3D-bilateral structure development can be observed when diluted concentrations of Staurosporine are added to the cultures (Figure 2 F). These results indicate that during this morphogenetic event the cell density increases not only by contraction bu ...
... Moreover, a dose-response inhibitory effect on the 3D-bilateral structure development can be observed when diluted concentrations of Staurosporine are added to the cultures (Figure 2 F). These results indicate that during this morphogenetic event the cell density increases not only by contraction bu ...
Glycoprotein IIIa Is Phosphorylated in Intact Human
... 1). The purified material was essentially homogeneous (Fig 1, lane 1). Only one component of the complex was phosphorylated. This was identified as G P IIIa (lanes 2 and 4) on the basis of its co-electrophoresis with iodinated G P IIIa (lanes 3 and 5) from the purified G P IIb-IIIa complex. The poss ...
... 1). The purified material was essentially homogeneous (Fig 1, lane 1). Only one component of the complex was phosphorylated. This was identified as G P IIIa (lanes 2 and 4) on the basis of its co-electrophoresis with iodinated G P IIIa (lanes 3 and 5) from the purified G P IIb-IIIa complex. The poss ...
TFIIH Plays an Essential Role in RNA Polymerase I Transcription
... coactivators as well as proteins that play a role in protein modification, RNA chain elongation, RNA processing, and DNA repair. With regard to RNA polymerase I (Pol I), approximately 10% of the enzyme is contained within the holoenzyme, a multiprotein complex with an apparent molecular mass of ⬎200 ...
... coactivators as well as proteins that play a role in protein modification, RNA chain elongation, RNA processing, and DNA repair. With regard to RNA polymerase I (Pol I), approximately 10% of the enzyme is contained within the holoenzyme, a multiprotein complex with an apparent molecular mass of ⬎200 ...
The basic helix–loop–helix protein BETA2 interacts with p300 to
... blocks secretin expression in these cells (Lopez et al. 1995). The viral proteins E1A and TAg appear to alter cellular transcription by their ability to complex with nuclear proteins associated with cell cycle control. One of these proteins, p300, which associates with the amino terminus of E1A, bel ...
... blocks secretin expression in these cells (Lopez et al. 1995). The viral proteins E1A and TAg appear to alter cellular transcription by their ability to complex with nuclear proteins associated with cell cycle control. One of these proteins, p300, which associates with the amino terminus of E1A, bel ...
BMP binding domains in the extracellular space
... The full-length Xenopus procollagen IIA cDNA was excised with EcoRI from a pUC18 vector (a kind gift of Dr Francesco Ramirez) and ligated to pCS2. For the type IIA procollagen CR construct a PCR fragment (440 bp) containing the CR domain in a SacI-XbaI fragment was cloned into the same pCS2 expressi ...
... The full-length Xenopus procollagen IIA cDNA was excised with EcoRI from a pUC18 vector (a kind gift of Dr Francesco Ramirez) and ligated to pCS2. For the type IIA procollagen CR construct a PCR fragment (440 bp) containing the CR domain in a SacI-XbaI fragment was cloned into the same pCS2 expressi ...
12 Insights into the mechanisms underlying CFTR channel activity
... transmembrane segments in the membrane may be structured as lengthy helical segments extending from the membrane domain, perpendicular to the plane of the lipid bilayer. Shorter helical segments at the foot of these long extensions and lying parallel to the surface of the NBD heterodimer have been c ...
... transmembrane segments in the membrane may be structured as lengthy helical segments extending from the membrane domain, perpendicular to the plane of the lipid bilayer. Shorter helical segments at the foot of these long extensions and lying parallel to the surface of the NBD heterodimer have been c ...
S6 Table. GO categories found to be significantly modified in AhERF
... localization, positive regulation of multicellular organismal process multicellular organismal process, system development, organ ...
... localization, positive regulation of multicellular organismal process multicellular organismal process, system development, organ ...
Embryonic activation of the myoD gene is regulated
... although myogenin knockout mice show severe muscle differentiation defects, myoblasts are present in approximately normal numbers and positions in these embryos (Hasty et al., 1993; Nabeshima et al., 1993). These data indicate that myoD and myf5 serve upstream functions in the myogenic developmental ...
... although myogenin knockout mice show severe muscle differentiation defects, myoblasts are present in approximately normal numbers and positions in these embryos (Hasty et al., 1993; Nabeshima et al., 1993). These data indicate that myoD and myf5 serve upstream functions in the myogenic developmental ...
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... the G2/M transition during mitosis. For some factors, reduced DNA-binding activities have been observed in extracts from mitotic cells (Caelles et al., 1995; Martinez-Balbas et al., 1995; Gottesfeld and Forbes, 1997). For other factors, DNA-binding activities were not affected, but they were displac ...
... the G2/M transition during mitosis. For some factors, reduced DNA-binding activities have been observed in extracts from mitotic cells (Caelles et al., 1995; Martinez-Balbas et al., 1995; Gottesfeld and Forbes, 1997). For other factors, DNA-binding activities were not affected, but they were displac ...
The muscle fiber type–fiber size paradox: hypertrophy or oxidative
... hypertrophy is associated with, and dependent on, the addition of newly formed myonuclei, whereas muscle atrophy and disease appear to be associated with loss of myonuclei. Together, these data suggest that the myonuclear domain is differentially regulated in high versus low oxidative fibers and tha ...
... hypertrophy is associated with, and dependent on, the addition of newly formed myonuclei, whereas muscle atrophy and disease appear to be associated with loss of myonuclei. Together, these data suggest that the myonuclear domain is differentially regulated in high versus low oxidative fibers and tha ...
The Multiple Personalities of the Regulatory Subunit of Protein
... example, CK2 has a sequence resembling that of the nine amino acid motif called the destruction box that plays a key role in the specific degradation of cyclin B at the end of mitosis [54, 55]. This motif, which was first recognized in CK2β by Allende and Allende, contains three highly conserved res ...
... example, CK2 has a sequence resembling that of the nine amino acid motif called the destruction box that plays a key role in the specific degradation of cyclin B at the end of mitosis [54, 55]. This motif, which was first recognized in CK2β by Allende and Allende, contains three highly conserved res ...
COP9 signalosome turns the key on protein degradation
... regulation of protein turnover by E3 ubiquitin ligases and the 26S proteasome. This review focuses on recent experiments on the CSN of green plants, fungi, and metazoans that have illuminated the biochemical activity of the CSN. The 26S proteasome is a 2 MDa macro-molecular machine that consists of ...
... regulation of protein turnover by E3 ubiquitin ligases and the 26S proteasome. This review focuses on recent experiments on the CSN of green plants, fungi, and metazoans that have illuminated the biochemical activity of the CSN. The 26S proteasome is a 2 MDa macro-molecular machine that consists of ...
- Wiley Online Library
... surrounding cells, we sought to determine which organizer-specific secreted molecule was induced by Xhairy2b. We examined the expression of the BMP antagonists chordin, noggin, and follistatin, which are normally expressed in the organizer (Smith and Harland, 1992; Sasai et al., 1994; Iemura et al., ...
... surrounding cells, we sought to determine which organizer-specific secreted molecule was induced by Xhairy2b. We examined the expression of the BMP antagonists chordin, noggin, and follistatin, which are normally expressed in the organizer (Smith and Harland, 1992; Sasai et al., 1994; Iemura et al., ...
Regulation of gene expression by Pax6 in ocular cells: a case of
... revealed that both PAI and RED subdomains of the PD could 5'-half recognized by the PAI subdomain and its 3'-half recognegatively regulate transactivation of both Pax6 and Pax6(5a) denized by the RED subdomain (Czerny et al., 1993; Epstein et al., pending on the DNA-binding site used, P6CON or 5aCON ...
... revealed that both PAI and RED subdomains of the PD could 5'-half recognized by the PAI subdomain and its 3'-half recognegatively regulate transactivation of both Pax6 and Pax6(5a) denized by the RED subdomain (Czerny et al., 1993; Epstein et al., pending on the DNA-binding site used, P6CON or 5aCON ...
Regulation of the initiation of chromosomal replication in bacteria
... been demonstrated for other bacterial DnaA proteins, including Bacillus subtilis (Fukuoka et al., 1990), Helicobacter pylori (A. Zawilak-Pawlik unpublished results), Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Yamamoto et al., 2002; Madiraju et al., 2006), Streptomyces coelicolor (Majka et al., 1997), Thermus therm ...
... been demonstrated for other bacterial DnaA proteins, including Bacillus subtilis (Fukuoka et al., 1990), Helicobacter pylori (A. Zawilak-Pawlik unpublished results), Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Yamamoto et al., 2002; Madiraju et al., 2006), Streptomyces coelicolor (Majka et al., 1997), Thermus therm ...
Biological Expression Language Overview
... • Modifications are functions used as arguments within abundance functions • Currently supported modification types are: – Variants - use to represent protein sequence variants, generally resulting from a mutation or polymorphism • substitution(), truncation(), fusion() • E.g., p(HGNC:PIK3CA, sub(E, ...
... • Modifications are functions used as arguments within abundance functions • Currently supported modification types are: – Variants - use to represent protein sequence variants, generally resulting from a mutation or polymorphism • substitution(), truncation(), fusion() • E.g., p(HGNC:PIK3CA, sub(E, ...
Physical interaction between pRb and cdk9/cyclinT2 complex
... Cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (cdk9) is a multifunctional kinase with roles in dierent cellular pathways such as transcriptional elongation, dierentiation and apoptosis. Cdk9/cyclin T diers functionally from other cdk/cyclin complexes that regulate cell cycle progression, but maintains structural an ...
... Cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (cdk9) is a multifunctional kinase with roles in dierent cellular pathways such as transcriptional elongation, dierentiation and apoptosis. Cdk9/cyclin T diers functionally from other cdk/cyclin complexes that regulate cell cycle progression, but maintains structural an ...
Calcium binding chaperones of the endoplasmic reticulum
... Ca2+ store refilling is controlled by the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) (Lipskaia et al. 2009) while the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger and the plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPase actively remove Ca2+ from the cells (Rhodes and Sanderson 2009). Taken together, both the ER Ca2+ buffering proteins and t ...
... Ca2+ store refilling is controlled by the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) (Lipskaia et al. 2009) while the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger and the plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPase actively remove Ca2+ from the cells (Rhodes and Sanderson 2009). Taken together, both the ER Ca2+ buffering proteins and t ...
Site-directed mutagenesis of streptococcal plasmin receptor protein
... 1979). Plasmin can degrade a wide range of protein substrates that constitute the extracellular matrix, as well as activating latent proteases (Vassalli et al., 1991). We have previously shown that group A streptococci, when grown in the presence of human plasma, can activate plasminogen and capture ...
... 1979). Plasmin can degrade a wide range of protein substrates that constitute the extracellular matrix, as well as activating latent proteases (Vassalli et al., 1991). We have previously shown that group A streptococci, when grown in the presence of human plasma, can activate plasminogen and capture ...
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... a. The general transcription factors (GTFs) are proteins required for accurate and efficient transcription that are not subunits of purified RNA polymerase. We will focus primarily on the general transcription initiation factors (GTIFs), which are proteins needed for accurate initiation of transcrip ...
... a. The general transcription factors (GTFs) are proteins required for accurate and efficient transcription that are not subunits of purified RNA polymerase. We will focus primarily on the general transcription initiation factors (GTIFs), which are proteins needed for accurate initiation of transcrip ...
A Search for Single Substitutions That Eliminate Enzymatic Function
... tions (in addition to more conservative ones) will be possible at all positions. This will enable us to obtain the desired information. The coding region of synbar was conceptually divided into 8 contiguous regions covering from 12 to 14 codons each, starting from the second codon.3 With each region ...
... tions (in addition to more conservative ones) will be possible at all positions. This will enable us to obtain the desired information. The coding region of synbar was conceptually divided into 8 contiguous regions covering from 12 to 14 codons each, starting from the second codon.3 With each region ...
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... fate specification of various embryonic cell types. Occurrence of inductive events depends on the presence of not only an inductive signal but also on cellular competence, i.e. the ability of cells to receive and respond to inductive signals. These properties are temporally and spatially regulated i ...
... fate specification of various embryonic cell types. Occurrence of inductive events depends on the presence of not only an inductive signal but also on cellular competence, i.e. the ability of cells to receive and respond to inductive signals. These properties are temporally and spatially regulated i ...
Light-Related Photosynthetic Gene Expression and Enzyme Activity
... encoded by the nuclear genome. In this study, the nuclear-encoded plastidlocalized Calvin cycle enzyme phosphoribulokinase (PRK) was targeted for characterization because of the evidence supporting horizontal gene transfer of prk from the alga to the sea slug. PRK was demonstrated, in vivo, to react ...
... encoded by the nuclear genome. In this study, the nuclear-encoded plastidlocalized Calvin cycle enzyme phosphoribulokinase (PRK) was targeted for characterization because of the evidence supporting horizontal gene transfer of prk from the alga to the sea slug. PRK was demonstrated, in vivo, to react ...
structure-function analysis of the drosophila stubble type ii
... model systems. Although these systems are more amenable to genetic manipulation than humans themselves, they have significant limitations. Studies in cell culture suffer from the disadvantage that cells are usually not observed in a natural context with cell-cell adhesion contacts maintained. The ex ...
... model systems. Although these systems are more amenable to genetic manipulation than humans themselves, they have significant limitations. Studies in cell culture suffer from the disadvantage that cells are usually not observed in a natural context with cell-cell adhesion contacts maintained. The ex ...
The transcription factor FoxB mediates temporal
... fate specification of various embryonic cell types. Occurrence of inductive events depends on the presence of not only an inductive signal but also on cellular competence, i.e. the ability of cells to receive and respond to inductive signals. These properties are temporally and spatially regulated i ...
... fate specification of various embryonic cell types. Occurrence of inductive events depends on the presence of not only an inductive signal but also on cellular competence, i.e. the ability of cells to receive and respond to inductive signals. These properties are temporally and spatially regulated i ...
Histone acetylation and deacetylation
Histone acetylation and deacetylation are the processes by which the lysine residues within the N-terminal tail protruding from the histone core of the nucleosome are acetylated and deacetylated as part of gene regulation. Histone acetylation and deacetylation are essential parts of gene regulation. These reactions are typically catalysed by enzymes with ""histone acetyltransferase"" (HAT) or ""histone deacetylase"" (HDAC) activity. Acetylation is the process where an acetyl functional group is transferred from one molecule (in this case, Acetyl-Coenzyme A) to another. Deacetylation is simply the reverse reaction where an acetyl group is removed from a molecule.Acetylated histones, octameric proteins that organize chromatin into nucleosomes and ultimately higher order structures, represent a type of epigenetic marker within chromatin. Acetylation removes the positive charge on the histones, thereby decreasing the interaction of the N termini of histones with the negatively charged phosphate groups of DNA. As a consequence, the condensed chromatin is transformed into a more relaxed structure that is associated with greater levels of gene transcription. This relaxation can be reversed by HDAC activity. Relaxed, transcriptionally active DNA is referred to as euchromatin. More condensed (tightly packed) DNA is referred to as heterochromatin. Condensation can be brought about by processes including deacetylation and methylation; the action of methylation is indirect and has no effect upon charge.