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Cheap Talk, Fraud, and Adverse Selection in Financial Markets
Cheap Talk, Fraud, and Adverse Selection in Financial Markets

... Theory predicts that the antifraud rule will result in fully efficient outcomes, with all assets trading at appropriate prices. In a sequential equilibrium, the seller makes a potentially vague statement about the asset’s quality. However, the lowest quality stated should be the true quality of the ...
Chapter 6—The Tradeoff Between Risk and Return
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... 34. You are analyzing the performance of different asset classes for a foreign economy. You find that over the last 60 years the average annual return for equities was 12% while that of corporate bonds was 10% and the rate of inflation was about 3%. If inflation was projected to be around 1% for the ...
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... sector. When more investors choose to become dealers, the price dispersion among interdealer trades is larger (i.e., the dispersion ratio is higher), and customers’ transactions tend to go through more layers of dealers (i.e., the chain is longer). Our model implies that both the dispersion ratio an ...
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... In Turkish markets, capital structure changes occur mostly via rights offerings. A rights offering is a type of issuance of additional shares by a company to raise capital. A rights issue is a special form of shelf offering or shelf registration. With the issued rights, existing shareholders have th ...
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... borrow cash unsecured or to borrow securities directly from institutional investors. They therefore rely on prime brokers for financing as well as to locate and borrow the securities they want to sell short. By pooling the supply of lendable securities in the market, prime brokers can also provide h ...
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... significantly higher than non-dividend payers. For example, in the small-cap universe, dividend payers have compounded money at over 500 basis points higher than nondividend payers, creating more than four times the amount of dollar value. Why are these stocks often overlooked? One reason might be t ...
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... issuance of QSB stock with a single cost basis. However, planning for the sale of multiple issuances of QSB stock in the same company with separate cost bases is often misunderstood. The most prudent course would be to consult with a tax professional to ensure that potential gain exclusion has been ...
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Multiple Choice Questions
Multiple Choice Questions

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Short (finance)



In finance, short selling (also known as shorting or going short) is the practice of selling securities or other financial instruments that are not currently owned, and subsequently repurchasing them (""covering""). In the event of an interim price decline, the short seller will profit, since the cost of (re)purchase will be less than the proceeds which were received upon the initial (short) sale. Conversely, the short position will be closed out at a loss in the event that the price of a shorted instrument should rise prior to repurchase. The potential loss on a short sale is theoretically unlimited in the event of an unlimited rise in the price of the instrument, however in practice the short seller will be required to post margin or collateral to cover losses, and any inability to do so on a timely basis would cause its broker or counterparty to liquidate the position. In the securities markets, the seller generally must borrow the securities in order to effect delivery in the short sale. In some cases, the short seller must pay a fee to borrow the securities and must additionally reimburse the lender for cash returns the lender would have received had the securities not been loaned out.Short selling is most commonly done with instruments traded in public securities, futures or currency markets, due to the liquidity and real-time price dissemination characteristic of such markets and because the instruments defined within each class are fungible.In practical terms, going short can be considered the opposite of the conventional practice of ""going long"", whereby an investor profits from an increase in the price of the asset. Mathematically, the return from a short position is equivalent to that of owning (being ""long"") a negative amount of the instrument. A short sale may be motivated by a variety of objectives. Speculators may sell short in the hope of realizing a profit on an instrument which appears to be overvalued, just as long investors or speculators hope to profit from a rise in the price of an instrument which appears undervalued. Traders or fund managers may hedge a long position or a portfolio through one or more short positions.
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