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High Voltage Safety
High Voltage Safety

... R&D systems may include equipment that operates at less than 50 V. Even though this voltage level generally is not regarded as hazardous, high-current levels generated by these systems may be hazardous. Furthermore, inadvertent grounding of conductors may result in arc flashes and burns, and inducti ...
Specifications - Lighting Images Technology
Specifications - Lighting Images Technology

Using Switchgear at Frequencies Other Than 60Hz
Using Switchgear at Frequencies Other Than 60Hz

... All ANSI circuit breaker and switchgear equipment standards specify a rated frequency of 60 Hz, and all Powell switchgear is designed for and tested at 60 Hz. The nameplates of PowlVac® circuit breakers carry a rated frequency of 60 Hz. However, many applications of Powell switchgear are made at oth ...
SMPS BASIC CONVERTERS INHERENT PROTECTION
SMPS BASIC CONVERTERS INHERENT PROTECTION

The Double-Triode as AM-Mixer
The Double-Triode as AM-Mixer

... If you compare e.g. American and German Receivers also before WW2, you will find that most German radios use much fewer valves than American radios do. In the beginning of radio days the receiver manufacturers had to pay a fee for each tube socket in a set to Telefunken, which then was a leading tub ...
MSP-600 series
MSP-600 series

... MSP-600 has the built-in active current sharing function and can be connected in parallel to provide higher output power : (1)Parallel operation is available by connecting the units shown as below. (+S,-S,CS and GND are connected mutually in parallel). (2)Difference of output voltages among parallel ...
cmos differential amplifier
cmos differential amplifier

Test and Handling of SPST RF-MEMS Switches
Test and Handling of SPST RF-MEMS Switches

... modes. Some instruments can generate large transient compliance voltages when switching ranges. c. Use the highest practical range (i.e. lowest resolution) setting for resistance measurements. This will minimize compliance voltages. d. Where practical, avoid using coaxial cable for DC connections. E ...
Magnetic Switch・Magnetic Contactor Manual DANGER CAUTION
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... Inspect the following items monthly during use. 1)Screw up Because the screw becomes loose for a long time, screw up enough certainly. 2)Operating voltage ...
LSK389 - Linear Integrated Systems, Inc.
LSK389 - Linear Integrated Systems, Inc.

... VDS = 10V,   VGS = 0V  VGS = ‐30V,   VDS = 0V  VDS = 10V,   VGS = 0V,   IDSS = 3mA,  f = 1kHz    VDS = 10V,  ID = 2mA,  f = 1kHz,  NBW = 1Hz     VDS = 10V,  ID = 2mA,  f = 10Hz,  NBW = 1Hz     VDS = 10V,   VGS = 0V,    f = 1MHz     VDG = 10V,   ID = 0V,    f = 1MHz     ...
Large Scale Solar PV Investment Potential in Ontario 2010-2025
Large Scale Solar PV Investment Potential in Ontario 2010-2025

ELG2138 - uOttawa
ELG2138 - uOttawa

... edition, Wiley 2006 (will be available from the Agora Bookstore, 145 Besserer St.). Textbooks purchased at Agora include a registration number to the on-line resources at WileyPLUS. Chapters 1 & 2 are available on-line at: http://ca.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0471730424.html ...
Power Supplies.doc
Power Supplies.doc

Power Supplies
Power Supplies

BD157/158/159 NPN Epitxial Silicon Transistor
BD157/158/159 NPN Epitxial Silicon Transistor

... device or system whose failure to perform can be which, (a) are intended for surgical implant into the body, reasonably expected to cause the failure of the life support or (b) support or sustain life, or (c) whose failure to perform device or system, or to affect its safety or effectiveness. when p ...
Resistors and Resistivity©98
Resistors and Resistivity©98

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Introduction - facstaff.bucknell.edu
Introduction - facstaff.bucknell.edu

... For example, if R1 and R2 are equal in value, the reference voltage will be 0.5VPOS. Thus, the state of the output (vo = VPOS or VNEG) will depend upon the value of the capacitor voltage vc (which is the same as v−) compared to the voltage at the junction of the voltage divider (v+). The capacitor c ...
LM2937-2.5, LM2937-3.3 400mA and 500mA Voltage Regulators
LM2937-2.5, LM2937-3.3 400mA and 500mA Voltage Regulators

... The LM2937-2.5 and LM2937-3.3 are positive voltage regulators capable of supplying up to 500 mA of load current. Both regulators are ideal for converting a common 5V logic supply, or higher input supply voltage, to the lower 2.5V and 3.3V supplies to power VLSI ASIC’s and microcontrollers. Special c ...
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VFD Fundamentals

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RFVC1836 数据资料DataSheet下载
RFVC1836 数据资料DataSheet下载

... Caution! ESD sensitive device. Exceeding any one or a combination of the Absolute Maximum Rating conditions may cause permanent damage to the device. Extended application of Absolute Maximum Rating conditions to the device may reduce device reliability. Specified typical performance or functional op ...
High Performance Crystal Radios
High Performance Crystal Radios

... lower than silicon, and a germanium diode is truly a pointcontact diode (Schottky, not P-N diode), so has low charge storage (and therefore fast switching times). • Specified with very low capacitance, less than 1.0pF. • Main complaint about 1N34A diodes is that they tend to have high and highly var ...
ADXL202 - Senior Design
ADXL202 - Senior Design

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Resistive opto-isolator



Resistive opto-isolator (RO), also called photoresistive opto-isolator, vactrol (after a genericized trademark introduced by Vactec, Inc. in the 1960s), analog opto-isolator or lamp-coupled photocell, is an optoelectronic device consisting of a source and detector of light, which are optically coupled and electrically isolated from each other. The light source is usually a light-emitting diode (LED), a miniature incandescent lamp, or sometimes a neon lamp, whereas the detector is a semiconductor-based photoresistor made of cadmium selenide (CdSe) or cadmium sulfide (CdS). The source and detector are coupled through a transparent glue or through the air.Electrically, RO is a resistance controlled by the current flowing through the light source. In the dark state, the resistance typically exceeds a few MOhm; when illuminated, it decreases as the inverse of the light intensity. In contrast to the photodiode and phototransistor, the photoresistor can operate in both the AC and DC circuits and have a voltage of several hundred volts across it. The harmonic distortions of the output current by the RO are typically within 0.1% at voltages below 0.5 V.RO is the first and the slowest opto-isolator: its switching time exceeds 1 ms, and for the lamp-based models can reach hundreds of milliseconds. Parasitic capacitance limits the frequency range of the photoresistor by ultrasonic frequencies. Cadmium-based photoresistors exhibit a ""memory effect"": their resistance depends on the illumination history; it also drifts during the illumination and stabilizes within hours, or even weeks for high-sensitivity models. Heating induces irreversible degradation of ROs, whereas cooling to below −25 °C dramatically increases the response time. Therefore, ROs were mostly replaced in the 1970s by the faster and more stable photodiodes and photoresistors. ROs are still used in some sound equipment, guitar amplifiers and analog synthesizers owing to their good electrical isolation, low signal distortion and ease of circuit design.
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