Download ADXL202 - Senior Design

MICROCART
Sensors – Acceleration, MicroGyro, Instrumentation
Amplifiers
UPDATED: 12/00/99
BY: Chris Holand?
ADXL202
Its assumed that the ADXL202 will work for this sensor application. The maximum
acceleration that the ADXL202 will read is 2g. It is possible that this might be exceeded
by the helicopter vibration. Consequently, all readings should be checked for over range
values. If they occur, the ADXL202 can be replaced with the ADXL210 which reads a
maximum acceleration of 10g.
When implementing the ADXL202 data into the control system, a compromise must be
made in determining a value to use for calculation of the tilt angle. Referring to the data
sheet, you will see that the sensitivity of the ADXL202 changes with the tilt angle. For
angles less than ±30°, the change is very small and average value could be used with out
introducing a large error. For the rate damping part of the control system, the primary
concern is not necessarily with the exact angle of tilt, but with the change in tilt.
A 0.1µF capacitor is required for power supply decoupling with 100Ω in supply line for
additional decoupling.
Equation for -3dB bandwidth:
F3dB 
1
5F
=
(2)(32k)C(x,y) C(x, y)
Where C is the value of the capacitance used on both analog outputs. From table 1 in the
data sheet, a value of 0.47µF gives a -3dB of 10Hz. For MicroCART, the low
bandwidth will filter out any vibrations that have a frequency higher than 10Hz.
This takes care of a lot of problems that could occur due to vibration. The bandwidth of
the ADXL202 is 0.01Hz to 5 kHz. If 10Hz bandwidth doesn’t eliminate vibration, then
the bandwidth of the ADXL202 can be lowered to near DC levels.
Even for analog operation, the DCM period must be set by Rset resistor. Any value
between 500kΩ and 2MΩ will work. For this project a 1.3MΩ resistor will be used.
It should be noted that the device itself has noise with characteristics of white Gaussian
noise that contributes equally to all frequencies. The noise is proportional to the square
root of the bandwidth of the accelerometer and is described by the following equation:
500g 
Noise(rms)  
 BW 1.5
 Hz 


It should be noted from this equation that the noise decreases as the bandwidth decreases.
For more detailed information about noise, consult the data sheets.
Figure 1 shows the schematic for tilt sensing. The diagram does not give the orientation
the accelerometer must be in for two axis tilt sensing. This can be determined from the
data sheet easily. Capacitor CDC and resistor Rf is for power supply decoupling and RSET
is used to set the DCM period which isn't used, but must have a value. Table 2 has a list
of the values used in the schematic.
Figure 1. Schematic for ADXL202.
Component
Value
CYfilt=CXfilt
0.47µF
CDC
0.1µF
RSET
1.3MΩ
Rf
100Ω
Table 2. List of component values for figure 1.
The sensitivity of the ADXL202 relative to the supply voltage is given by the following
equation:
ADXL202 Sensitivity =
(60mV  Vs )
g
At a power supply of +5V, Vdd, results in 300mV/g. For future reference in the
document, the sensitivity will be as:
300mV 1g
300V

g 100mg
mg
The zero g offset is found from the following equation:
Zero g Offset =
VDD
2
Again at the power supply voltage of +5V, Vdd, the zero g offset is +2.5 V.
From figure 14 of the ADXL202/ADXL210 spec sheets, you can see that the output
varies slightly due to different orientations. A valid assumption is that the ADXL202 will
not have to measure angles more than ±30°. This makes the variation negligible. For the
following calculations, it’ll be assumed that the ADXL202 will measure angles of ±45°.
This will represent the extreme for determining the sensitivity of the output relative to a
degree change in tilt. Again from figure 14, the output will change by 12.2 mg/degree
tilt. This will result in a change of:
300V
12.2mg
3.66mV

mg  per degree tilt  per degree tilt
If the instrumentation amplifiers have an offset voltage on the order of 100µV, they will
not introduce any significant error.
With a sensitivity of 300mV/g, the ADXL202 will have an output that varies from
2.5±300mV. Hence, the instrumentation amplifiers will need gain. Using the extreme of
±45° again, the output of the ADXL202 will vary ±0.707g. This results in a variance of:
300mV
0.707g   212.1mV
g
Using an amplification of 5 V/V:
212.1 mV5 V V 1.0605 V
Therefore the range of measuring voltages will be:
2.5 1.0605 V = 1.440,3.561 V
Angular Velocity Sensing
MicroGyro
The MicroGyros will read a maximum angular velocity of ±150 deg/sec. The sensitivity
is 1.11mV/deg/sec. The analog output is defined as:
Vout1,2  Vg1,g2 Vref
where Vref is 1.225 V and Vg1,g2 is an output that changes according to applied rotation.
Since no movement implies a zero output, Vg1,Vg2 equals Vref in this condition. Over the
full range of the sensor:


deg 

mV
150
1.11

 166.5 mV
deg
sec 
sec 
According to the data sheet, single ended measurement cannot be made of Vg1 or Vg2
outputs. The measurement of output has to be take as the difference as stated before.
Hence, the difference will result in an net output of:
166.5 mV
Using an amplification of 5 V/V:


166.5 mV 5 V V  832.5 mV
Figure 2 shows the schematic for the MicroGyro. The following is a listing of the pin
number and the corresponding name for the pin. The capacitor CBC is for decoupling the
power supply.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Vref1
Vg1
Gnd
Vdd
Vref2
Vg2
Wake
Temp
NC - No Connection
Figure 2. Schematic for MicroGryo.
Note that the wake pin needs to be high in order for the device to function. The optional
temperature sensor pin is not used in this diagram.
Instrumentation Amplifiers
AD623
The basic circuit for use with the AD623 instrumentation amplifier is shown in figure 3.
Its possible for op amps to rectify RF signals which shows up as a DC offset. This design
is taken from the data sheets and has the specific benefit of attenuating any RF
interference. Table 2 has a list of the components of the corresponding value. The
resistor RG sets the gain at 5 V.
Component
C1=C2
C3
CS1
CS2
RG
R1=R2
Value
1000pF
0.047µF
0.033µF
0.01µF
24.9kΩ
4.02kΩ
Table 2. List of component values for figure 3.
All resistors should be 1% or better metal film units. All the capacitors need to be 5% or
better. These components need to be precise as possible otherwise the benefits of using
this circuit design and precision instrumentation amplifier are wasted.
Figure 3. Schematic for the instrumentation amplifier AD623.
Vss is connect to Gnd for connection to the ADXL202, but the MicroGyros require Vss to
be connection to a negative power supply in order to allow the output to swing negative.
This in amp is rail to rail on operation of a single supply only, hence leave room between
the maximum negative voltage needed for output and the negative power supply.
Analog/Digital Conversion
Here is some general information that needs to be considered when choosing the A/D
converter. The sensitivity of the ADXL202 was determined to be 300 µV/g and the
MicroGyro is 1.11mV/deg/sec. In both cases a gain of 5 V/V was used. This results in
new sensitivity of 1.5 mV/mg and 5.55 mV/deg/sec for the ADXL202 and the MicroGyro
respectively. In the worst case, the ADXL202 changes 12.2mg/degree, hence the output
will change:


1.5 mV mg 12.2 mg degree  18.3 mV degree
This is the worst case for sensitivity of the ADXL202. Therefore, the MicroGyro is the
limiting factor in choosing the resolution of the A/D converter. Use of a 10 bit A/D
converter over 0 to 5 V would result in the following resolution:
5V 5V

 4.88 mV
210 1024
Since 4.88 mV < 5.55mV for the MicroGyro, 10 bits of resolution is sufficient for the
A/D converter.
General Notes
All sensors and amplifiers need to be decoupled from the power supply. If possible, a
separate supply and ground should be used for the analog devices. This help minimize
the digital noise. Both the ADXL202 and the MicroGyro have an offset voltage that
needs to be determined and compensated for. Data sheets for both devices have
information for how to go about doing this. Temperature compensation is something that
can be considered for the MicroGyro.
References
Data sheets are available from the Analog Devices web site for the ADXL202 and the
AD623 (http://www.analog.com). Information for the MicroGyros is also available at
their web site (http://www.gyration.com). I have also found the following references
useful about helicopter flight, control systems, and general information:





The Helicopter by John Fay, ISU call number TL 716 F35 1976 C.2, this was an easy
read about helicopters, but had good general information
Foundations of Helicopter Flight, by Newman, ISU call number TL716 N39 1994b
Helicopter Performance, Stability, and Control, ISU call number TL716.P725 1986
The Art and Science of Helicopter Flight, I don't have the call number, but I think this
was the best book overall. It does a very good job of explaining Automatic Flight
Control Systems (AFCS)
Automatic Flight Control, ISU call number TL 589.4 P34 1993