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a) Given the transfer function of a detector (below), label and
a) Given the transfer function of a detector (below), label and

... Please use your drawing to illustrate how PMT and APD work and compare the mechanisms which enable them to achieve signal amplification. Also, explain why is it hard to make a detector that has high detectivity while also preserves a high detection speed? ...
肖连团 - 山西大学
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... • By focusing the excitation light near to the extinction crosssection of a molecule, it is possible to explore resonance fluorescence over nine orders of magnitude of excitation intensity and to separate its coherent and incoherent parts. • Under weak excitation, the detection of a single molecule ...
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... Breaking the diffraction limit. The field of superresolution microscopy, so-called optical nanoscopy, has been recognized recently with the award of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry to the inventors of stimulated emission depletion microscopy (STED) [1] and single molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) ...
RESOLVING POWER AND MODULATION TRANSFER FUNCTION
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... neutrons. The power of imaging is due to the fact that structurizing a 2-D area becomes possible in one exposure, at the same time the control of the imaging parameters allows selecting the image size, e.g. by demagnifying. However, the resolution achievable by the optical system limits the imaging ...
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... order to speed up the scanning. This uses a high-frequency sound wave in a special crystal to create a diffraction grating, which deflects the laser light (actually, the first diffraction peak is used, with the zeroth-order peak being thrown away). By varying the frequency of the sound wave, the AOD ...
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... infinite radius. The rays passing from a single point through a planar boundary into a medium of different refractive index are bent at the interface in such a way that , when traced back, they no longer intersect in a single point. It is possible to correct for this by incorporating special spheric ...
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Super-resolution microscopy

Super-resolution microscopy is a form of light microscopy. Due to the diffraction of light, the resolution of conventional light microscopy is limited as stated by Ernst Abbe in 1873. A good approximation of the resolution attainable is the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the point spread function, and a precise widefield microscope with high numerical aperture and visible light usually reaches a resolution of ~250 nm.Super-resolution techniques allow the capture of images with a higher resolution than the diffraction limit. They fall into two broad categories, ""true"" super-resolution techniques, which capture information contained in evanescent waves, and ""functional"" super-resolution techniques, which use clever experimental techniques and known limitations on the matter being imaged to reconstruct a super-resolution image.True subwavelength imaging techniques include those that utilize the Pendry Superlens and near field scanning optical microscopy, the 4Pi Microscope and structured illumination microscopy technologies like SIM and SMI. However, the majority of techniques of importance in biological imaging fall into the functional category.There are two major groups of methods for functional super-resolution microscopy: Deterministic super-resolution: The most commonly used emitters in biological microscopy, fluorophores, show a nonlinear response to excitation, and this nonlinear response can be exploited to enhance resolution. These methods include STED, GSD, RESOLFT and SSIM. Stochastic super-resolution: The chemical complexity of many molecular light sources gives them a complex temporal behaviour, which can be used to make several close-by fluorophores emit light at separate times and thereby become resolvable in time. These methods include SOFI and all single-molecule localization methods (SMLM) such as SPDM, SPDMphymod, PALM, FPALM, STORM and dSTORM.On October 8th, 2014, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Eric Betzig, W.E. Moerner and Stefan Hell for ""the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy,"" which brings ""optical microscopy into the nanodimension"".
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