Neural mechanisms of stimulus generalization in auditory fear
... neural substrate for associative fear learning, and the site where unconditioned stimuli (US) and conditioned (CS) auditory stimuli come to be associated. Auditory information may reach the amygdala either directly from the auditory thalamus or indirectly via thalamo-cortico-amygdala projections. Th ...
... neural substrate for associative fear learning, and the site where unconditioned stimuli (US) and conditioned (CS) auditory stimuli come to be associated. Auditory information may reach the amygdala either directly from the auditory thalamus or indirectly via thalamo-cortico-amygdala projections. Th ...
NIH Public Access
... With respect to the various methods employed in previous studies to prime reinstatement of drug seeking behavior, both diffuse (environmental context; [6]) and discrete (conditioned stimuli; [7,27]) cues have been evaluated, as well as the administration of the unconditioned stimulus (drug itself; [ ...
... With respect to the various methods employed in previous studies to prime reinstatement of drug seeking behavior, both diffuse (environmental context; [6]) and discrete (conditioned stimuli; [7,27]) cues have been evaluated, as well as the administration of the unconditioned stimulus (drug itself; [ ...
Somatosensory processes subserving perception and action
... CHRIS DIJKERMAN is a Senior Lecturer at the Department of Experimental Psychology at Utrecht University. He completed his DPhil in Psychology at the University of Oxford under supervision of Larry Weiskrantz and Faraneh Vargha-Khadem and subsequently worked as a postdoctoral research fellow with Dav ...
... CHRIS DIJKERMAN is a Senior Lecturer at the Department of Experimental Psychology at Utrecht University. He completed his DPhil in Psychology at the University of Oxford under supervision of Larry Weiskrantz and Faraneh Vargha-Khadem and subsequently worked as a postdoctoral research fellow with Dav ...
A Neural Theory of Visual Attention
... object. Because more processing resources are devoted to behaviorally important objects than to less important ones, the important objects are more likely to become encoded into visual short-term memory (VSTM). The VSTM system is conceived as a (Kwinners-take-all) feedback mechanism that sustains ac ...
... object. Because more processing resources are devoted to behaviorally important objects than to less important ones, the important objects are more likely to become encoded into visual short-term memory (VSTM). The VSTM system is conceived as a (Kwinners-take-all) feedback mechanism that sustains ac ...
One Computer Scientist`s (Deep) Superior Colliculus
... through eons of evolution. The study of these solutions and their applications in technical settings is called biomimetics and it has been a driving force in many areas of research. Biomimetic approaches at various levels are attractive especially in robotics due to the similarity of the challenges ...
... through eons of evolution. The study of these solutions and their applications in technical settings is called biomimetics and it has been a driving force in many areas of research. Biomimetic approaches at various levels are attractive especially in robotics due to the similarity of the challenges ...
Mice Lacking M1 and M3 Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors Have
... be restored by increasing the number of new born neurons integrated into the OB after exposing them to an olfactory enriched environment, suggesting that muscarinic modulation and adult neurogenesis could be two different mechanism used by the olfactory system to improve olfactory processing. Keywor ...
... be restored by increasing the number of new born neurons integrated into the OB after exposing them to an olfactory enriched environment, suggesting that muscarinic modulation and adult neurogenesis could be two different mechanism used by the olfactory system to improve olfactory processing. Keywor ...
The Glia Response after Peripheral Nerve Injury: A Comparison
... embryological process of neurulation, a population of cells known as neural crest cells arise [14]; which appear consistent throughout all vertebrates [15]. Although OECs migrate out from the olfactory placode region, their origin is from these neural crest cells which migrate to the olfactory mucos ...
... embryological process of neurulation, a population of cells known as neural crest cells arise [14]; which appear consistent throughout all vertebrates [15]. Although OECs migrate out from the olfactory placode region, their origin is from these neural crest cells which migrate to the olfactory mucos ...
The time course of selective visual attention: theory and experiments
... maps and spotlight mechanisms required? A second interesting question is to determine the characteristics of top-down aided competition in feature space. It should be clarified whether this competition is achieved independently in each feature dimension or whether it occurs after binding the feature ...
... maps and spotlight mechanisms required? A second interesting question is to determine the characteristics of top-down aided competition in feature space. It should be clarified whether this competition is achieved independently in each feature dimension or whether it occurs after binding the feature ...
Abstract of “Primate frontal eye fields mediate spatial attention in
... in performance accuracy and decreases in reaction time for detection and discrimination of stimuli presented at the attended location (Pashler 1998). This thesis will concentrate on exploring the neural basis of spatial attention in the primate frontal eye fields. ...
... in performance accuracy and decreases in reaction time for detection and discrimination of stimuli presented at the attended location (Pashler 1998). This thesis will concentrate on exploring the neural basis of spatial attention in the primate frontal eye fields. ...
Normalization as a canonical neural computation
... in the primary visual cortex 17–19. Similar computations20 had been proposed previously to explain light adaptation in the retina21–24, size invariance in the fly visual system25 and associative memory in the hippocampus26. Evidence that has accumulated since then suggests that normalization plays a ...
... in the primary visual cortex 17–19. Similar computations20 had been proposed previously to explain light adaptation in the retina21–24, size invariance in the fly visual system25 and associative memory in the hippocampus26. Evidence that has accumulated since then suggests that normalization plays a ...
Molecular and functional anatomy of the mouse olfactory epithelium
... importance of this sense for many animals may be mirrored by the abundance of ORs. The OR family is the largest gene superfamily in the mammalian genomes (Zhang & Firestein, 2002). Humans have, in comparison to the mouse, few OR coding genes and many genes are predicted to be pseudogenes (roughly 64 ...
... importance of this sense for many animals may be mirrored by the abundance of ORs. The OR family is the largest gene superfamily in the mammalian genomes (Zhang & Firestein, 2002). Humans have, in comparison to the mouse, few OR coding genes and many genes are predicted to be pseudogenes (roughly 64 ...
Word doc - Center for Neural Science
... electrode holder (Warner Instruments, Hamden CT). The positive pressure was then removed and the electrode was advanced slowly, with a current pulse (100 pA, 30 ms) delivered once per second. Proximity to a neuron’s membrane produced an increased voltage response to the current pulse, at which time ...
... electrode holder (Warner Instruments, Hamden CT). The positive pressure was then removed and the electrode was advanced slowly, with a current pulse (100 pA, 30 ms) delivered once per second. Proximity to a neuron’s membrane produced an increased voltage response to the current pulse, at which time ...
Forward Processing of Long-Term Associative Memory in Monkey
... Subjects. The subjects were three adult monkeys (Macaca fuscata; 6.0 –9.0 kg). Head bolts and a chamber for microelectrode recording were attached to the skull under aseptic conditions and general anesthesia with sodium pentobarbital (25 mg per kilogram of body weight per hour, i.v.). By referring t ...
... Subjects. The subjects were three adult monkeys (Macaca fuscata; 6.0 –9.0 kg). Head bolts and a chamber for microelectrode recording were attached to the skull under aseptic conditions and general anesthesia with sodium pentobarbital (25 mg per kilogram of body weight per hour, i.v.). By referring t ...
Normalization as a canonical neural computation
... A third kind of computation has been seen to operate in various neural systems: divisive normalization. Normalization computes a ratio between the response of an individual neuron and the summed activity of a pool of neurons. Normalization was proposed in the early 1990s to explain non-linear proper ...
... A third kind of computation has been seen to operate in various neural systems: divisive normalization. Normalization computes a ratio between the response of an individual neuron and the summed activity of a pool of neurons. Normalization was proposed in the early 1990s to explain non-linear proper ...
physiological reviews
... (83) has traced fibers of this tract to the internal hair cells. Rasmussen (183) expresses some reservations as to whether the internal hair cells are the only cells so innervated. These fibers from the opposite side of the brain stem seem to be efferent fibers. The presence of the olivo-cochlear bu ...
... (83) has traced fibers of this tract to the internal hair cells. Rasmussen (183) expresses some reservations as to whether the internal hair cells are the only cells so innervated. These fibers from the opposite side of the brain stem seem to be efferent fibers. The presence of the olivo-cochlear bu ...
Functional Neuronal Processing of Body Odors
... conveyed in body odor to make accurate kin--nonkin judgments (Weisfeld et al. 2003) and to detect minute differences in genetic composition of unknown individuals (Jacob et al. 2002). It has even been suggested that signals communicating emotions are held within body odors (Chen and Haviland-Jones 1 ...
... conveyed in body odor to make accurate kin--nonkin judgments (Weisfeld et al. 2003) and to detect minute differences in genetic composition of unknown individuals (Jacob et al. 2002). It has even been suggested that signals communicating emotions are held within body odors (Chen and Haviland-Jones 1 ...
The Olfactory System - Tim J. van Hartevelt
... importance of olfaction can be found in the size of the olfactory organ and system in a vast majority of species. For example, dogs have about 100 times more olfactory receptor cells compared to humans. Some researchers have argued that compared to other animals, humans depend less on olfactory func ...
... importance of olfaction can be found in the size of the olfactory organ and system in a vast majority of species. For example, dogs have about 100 times more olfactory receptor cells compared to humans. Some researchers have argued that compared to other animals, humans depend less on olfactory func ...
NEUROTRANSMITTER SYSTEMS IN THE VISUAL CORTEX OF
... layer VI whereas most of the cells in the other layers were incompletely suppressed or not suppressed at all. Since the primary geniculocortical afferents project mainly to these layers (80), the above results suggest that visual responses of cortical cells are mediated at least partially by GluIAsp ...
... layer VI whereas most of the cells in the other layers were incompletely suppressed or not suppressed at all. Since the primary geniculocortical afferents project mainly to these layers (80), the above results suggest that visual responses of cortical cells are mediated at least partially by GluIAsp ...
Disentangling pleasure from incentive salience and
... rats. These neurons were either integrative, responding to multiple stimuli (47%), or belonged to dedicated subpopulations that fired to only one stimulus (53%). In the cue-only extinction block of trials, 45% of VP neurons (52/115) fired phasically at the onset of the CS+1 and/or CS+2 cues (23% of th ...
... rats. These neurons were either integrative, responding to multiple stimuli (47%), or belonged to dedicated subpopulations that fired to only one stimulus (53%). In the cue-only extinction block of trials, 45% of VP neurons (52/115) fired phasically at the onset of the CS+1 and/or CS+2 cues (23% of th ...
Pheromone signaling in the fruit fly Drosophila
... Subsequent efforts to find homologous ORs in insects were unsuccessful until 1999, when three groups separately managed to identify candidate Drosophila OR genes (Clyne et al. 1999, Gao and Chess 1999, Vosshall et al. 1999). In D. melanogaster there is a total of 62 olfactory receptors that are enc ...
... Subsequent efforts to find homologous ORs in insects were unsuccessful until 1999, when three groups separately managed to identify candidate Drosophila OR genes (Clyne et al. 1999, Gao and Chess 1999, Vosshall et al. 1999). In D. melanogaster there is a total of 62 olfactory receptors that are enc ...
Cell migration in the developing rodent olfactory system
... assembled in development by the process of cell migration. Although the principles of cell migration are conserved throughout the brain, different subsystems may predominantly utilize specific migratory mechanisms, or may display unusual features during migration. Examining these subsystems offers n ...
... assembled in development by the process of cell migration. Although the principles of cell migration are conserved throughout the brain, different subsystems may predominantly utilize specific migratory mechanisms, or may display unusual features during migration. Examining these subsystems offers n ...
The Role of the Terminal Nerve and GnRH in Olfactory System
... receptor neurons project to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb (Subhedar and Rama Krishna, 1988; Biju et al., 2003; Biju et al., 2005), but it is not known whether these cells release GnRH into the olfactory epithelium, olfactory bulb, or both. Physiological effects of GnRH in the olfactory epithelium ...
... receptor neurons project to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb (Subhedar and Rama Krishna, 1988; Biju et al., 2003; Biju et al., 2005), but it is not known whether these cells release GnRH into the olfactory epithelium, olfactory bulb, or both. Physiological effects of GnRH in the olfactory epithelium ...
Single-Trial Decoding of Visual Attention from Local Field Potentials
... cleaning in frequency bands ⬍60 Hz, which is in agreement with spike leakages mainly affecting high-frequency LFPs (Zanos et al., 2011). Remarkably, despite the removal of spike remnants from LFP traces, cue (48%; 63%), attended (44%; 56%), and saccade (48%; 70%) position could still be decoded on a ...
... cleaning in frequency bands ⬍60 Hz, which is in agreement with spike leakages mainly affecting high-frequency LFPs (Zanos et al., 2011). Remarkably, despite the removal of spike remnants from LFP traces, cue (48%; 63%), attended (44%; 56%), and saccade (48%; 70%) position could still be decoded on a ...
Linking form and motion in the primate brain
... made in a relatively small number of studies. Specifically, neurons in MT are highly suitable for the analysis of structure from motion; not only are they exquisitely motion sensitive, but they also encode information on depth through their binocular disparity dependence [2]. This could provide the ...
... made in a relatively small number of studies. Specifically, neurons in MT are highly suitable for the analysis of structure from motion; not only are they exquisitely motion sensitive, but they also encode information on depth through their binocular disparity dependence [2]. This could provide the ...
This type of hearing loss is classified as when “the
... middle ear and sensorineural damage in the inner ear or auditory nerve. There are many causes to mixed deafness. Sensorineural hearing loss can be caused due to genetics, overexposure to loud sounds, certain medications, or simple aging. Both sensorineural and conductive deafness, also known as mixe ...
... middle ear and sensorineural damage in the inner ear or auditory nerve. There are many causes to mixed deafness. Sensorineural hearing loss can be caused due to genetics, overexposure to loud sounds, certain medications, or simple aging. Both sensorineural and conductive deafness, also known as mixe ...