Mismatch Negativity: Different Water in the Same River
... (third waveform in fig. 1). Lavikainen et al. [1995] found two sources for the magnetic N1 response to such a change in frequency and suggested that these represented the normal N1 and an MMN, with the MMN occurring earlier than it would have if the frequency change had been part of a separate devia ...
... (third waveform in fig. 1). Lavikainen et al. [1995] found two sources for the magnetic N1 response to such a change in frequency and suggested that these represented the normal N1 and an MMN, with the MMN occurring earlier than it would have if the frequency change had been part of a separate devia ...
Retinotopic Organization and Functional Subdivisions of the Human
... mirror attached to the head coil. The screen subtended 30° of visual angle in the horizontal dimension and 26° in the vertical dimension. A trigger pulse from the scanner synchronized the start of the stimulus presentation to the beginning of the image acquisition. Visual stimuli. Visual stimuli con ...
... mirror attached to the head coil. The screen subtended 30° of visual angle in the horizontal dimension and 26° in the vertical dimension. A trigger pulse from the scanner synchronized the start of the stimulus presentation to the beginning of the image acquisition. Visual stimuli. Visual stimuli con ...
Plasticity of Binocularity and Visual Acuity Are Differentially Limited
... complete cycle of the sinusoidal grating. Following the first failure, mice were required to achieve five correct trials in a row, or 8 of 10 correct trials at each spatial frequency before proceeding to the next higher frequency. Once a mouse failed to complete 8 of 10 correct trials at a given spa ...
... complete cycle of the sinusoidal grating. Following the first failure, mice were required to achieve five correct trials in a row, or 8 of 10 correct trials at each spatial frequency before proceeding to the next higher frequency. Once a mouse failed to complete 8 of 10 correct trials at a given spa ...
Hebb repetition learning 1 VISUAL AND PHONOLOGICAL HEBB
... different modalities of input. It is, as yet, unclear whether Hebb repetition effects can be seen across a wide range of materials in different modalities and, if so, whether these different Hebb effects might depend on a single amodal system for long-term sequence learning or, alternatively, whethe ...
... different modalities of input. It is, as yet, unclear whether Hebb repetition effects can be seen across a wide range of materials in different modalities and, if so, whether these different Hebb effects might depend on a single amodal system for long-term sequence learning or, alternatively, whethe ...
Analysis of Connectivity in the Cat Cerebral Cortex
... absence of a connection is a finding of no effect, and rather than assuming that some findings of no effect are more important than others, we treated all unreported connections equally and gave them a weight of 0. A quantitative treatment of this issue can be found in Young (1992a), in which differ ...
... absence of a connection is a finding of no effect, and rather than assuming that some findings of no effect are more important than others, we treated all unreported connections equally and gave them a weight of 0. A quantitative treatment of this issue can be found in Young (1992a), in which differ ...
Selective amplification of the S
... Experiments were performed using two different sets of stimulus contrasts and repeated for two temporal conditions (2 and 8 Hz). In the first contrast set, stimuli were presented at similar cone contrasts in order to match stimuli in terms of their respective cone responses. Due to differences in con ...
... Experiments were performed using two different sets of stimulus contrasts and repeated for two temporal conditions (2 and 8 Hz). In the first contrast set, stimuli were presented at similar cone contrasts in order to match stimuli in terms of their respective cone responses. Due to differences in con ...
Color responses of the human lateral geniculate nucleus: selective
... Experiments were performed using two different sets of stimulus contrasts and repeated for two temporal conditions (2 and 8 Hz). In the first contrast set, stimuli were presented at similar cone contrasts in order to match stimuli in terms of their respective cone responses. Due to differences in con ...
... Experiments were performed using two different sets of stimulus contrasts and repeated for two temporal conditions (2 and 8 Hz). In the first contrast set, stimuli were presented at similar cone contrasts in order to match stimuli in terms of their respective cone responses. Due to differences in con ...
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... zone et al. 1992a,b). In all of these cases, experience-dependent plasticity is specific to the stimuli that were attended to during behavior and passive exposure does not cause enduring changes in neuronal responses (Recanzone et al. 1993; Weinberger 1998; Weinberger and Bakin 1998). These results ...
... zone et al. 1992a,b). In all of these cases, experience-dependent plasticity is specific to the stimuli that were attended to during behavior and passive exposure does not cause enduring changes in neuronal responses (Recanzone et al. 1993; Weinberger 1998; Weinberger and Bakin 1998). These results ...
A Circuit for Detection of Interaural Time Differences in the Brain
... Because the size of the cerebellar opening was limited, we were not able to penetrate the most lateral portions of nucleus laminaris at the correct angle (see Fig. 4). Furthermore, because of the physical constraints of the stereotaxic apparatus, we always recorded from the nucleus laminaris on the ...
... Because the size of the cerebellar opening was limited, we were not able to penetrate the most lateral portions of nucleus laminaris at the correct angle (see Fig. 4). Furthermore, because of the physical constraints of the stereotaxic apparatus, we always recorded from the nucleus laminaris on the ...
Newborn infants` auditory system is sensitive to Western music
... Sensitivity to consonance and dissonance has been demonstrated in young infants (Trainor et al., 2002). Furthermore, the discrimination of consonance vs. dissonance seems to be present in some other species as well (e.g., monkeys, Izumi, 2000, and birds, Hulse et al., 1995). Humans also prefer conso ...
... Sensitivity to consonance and dissonance has been demonstrated in young infants (Trainor et al., 2002). Furthermore, the discrimination of consonance vs. dissonance seems to be present in some other species as well (e.g., monkeys, Izumi, 2000, and birds, Hulse et al., 1995). Humans also prefer conso ...
Representation of Sounds in Auditory Cortex of Awake
... orientation in both external (physical) and internal worlds, but—even more astonishingly—the brain enables study of itself. Yet, this amazing device is composed of only a limited set of neurons and their connections. Neuroscience—in all its disguises—approaches the device with the belief that knowle ...
... orientation in both external (physical) and internal worlds, but—even more astonishingly—the brain enables study of itself. Yet, this amazing device is composed of only a limited set of neurons and their connections. Neuroscience—in all its disguises—approaches the device with the belief that knowle ...
Stereoscopic Processing of Absolute and Relative Disparity in
... visual areas selective for objects (Grill-Spector et al. 1999), motion (Huk and Heeger 2002; Huk et al. 2001), color (Engel and Furmanski 2001), and shape (Kourtzi and Kanwisher 2001). It relies on a comparison of the fMRI response to stimuli under two conditions, one in which the attribute of inter ...
... visual areas selective for objects (Grill-Spector et al. 1999), motion (Huk and Heeger 2002; Huk et al. 2001), color (Engel and Furmanski 2001), and shape (Kourtzi and Kanwisher 2001). It relies on a comparison of the fMRI response to stimuli under two conditions, one in which the attribute of inter ...
Auditory Imagery: Empirical Findings
... findings, auditory imagery interfered more with detection of the target when the image was of the same frequency. These findings initially seemed inconsistent with Farah and Smith’s assertion that imagery facilitates perception. Okada and Matsuoka pointed out several differences in the methodology o ...
... findings, auditory imagery interfered more with detection of the target when the image was of the same frequency. These findings initially seemed inconsistent with Farah and Smith’s assertion that imagery facilitates perception. Okada and Matsuoka pointed out several differences in the methodology o ...
The role of the basal ganglia in reinforcement learning
... cues and outcomes, whereas TANs suppress their tonic discharge (40). Thus, it has been suggested that some of the dopamine influence on striatal projections neurons is mediated through inhibition of the TANs (41). The typical TANs response has led to the conclusion that they may not encode the predi ...
... cues and outcomes, whereas TANs suppress their tonic discharge (40). Thus, it has been suggested that some of the dopamine influence on striatal projections neurons is mediated through inhibition of the TANs (41). The typical TANs response has led to the conclusion that they may not encode the predi ...
Magnocellular and Parvocellular Contributions to
... This enhanced sensitivity depends on summing inputs from many LGN neurons. While the contrast sensitivity of the subcortical M channel is greater than that of the P channel (Shapley and Kaplan, 1986), appropriate summation of signals from either channel could easily account for the sensitivity found ...
... This enhanced sensitivity depends on summing inputs from many LGN neurons. While the contrast sensitivity of the subcortical M channel is greater than that of the P channel (Shapley and Kaplan, 1986), appropriate summation of signals from either channel could easily account for the sensitivity found ...
Review Article Type 3 adenylyl cyclase: a key enzyme mediating the
... Abstract: Cilia are rigid, centriole-derived, microtubule-based organelles present in a majority of vertebrate cells including neurons. They are considered the cellular “antennae” attuned for detecting a range of extracellular signals including photons, odorants, morphogens, hormones and mechanical ...
... Abstract: Cilia are rigid, centriole-derived, microtubule-based organelles present in a majority of vertebrate cells including neurons. They are considered the cellular “antennae” attuned for detecting a range of extracellular signals including photons, odorants, morphogens, hormones and mechanical ...
The encoding and decoding of com-
... readout stage. We propose a novel neural readout circuit based on wavelet transform that decodes the TPC over different frequency bands. We show that, in comparison with pure linear readouts used previously, the proposed system provides a robust, fast and highly compact representation of visual inpu ...
... readout stage. We propose a novel neural readout circuit based on wavelet transform that decodes the TPC over different frequency bands. We show that, in comparison with pure linear readouts used previously, the proposed system provides a robust, fast and highly compact representation of visual inpu ...
Contrasting Effects of Reward Expectation on Sensory and Motor
... the pre-cue ‘control’ period (the 1 s duration before the cue onset) to examine whether the neuron showed significant task-related activities. If the mean discharge rate in a given period was significantly different from that in the control period (Mann--Whitney U-test, P < 0.05), the neuron was consi ...
... the pre-cue ‘control’ period (the 1 s duration before the cue onset) to examine whether the neuron showed significant task-related activities. If the mean discharge rate in a given period was significantly different from that in the control period (Mann--Whitney U-test, P < 0.05), the neuron was consi ...
Sound processing by local neural populations in the
... Using 2PCI, in Chapter 2 I provided a first look into how local networks of neurons in the AC are organized and activated in response to auditory stimuli. Our data showed that while previously reported large-scale organizational principles do exist, local populations of neurons in the auditory corte ...
... Using 2PCI, in Chapter 2 I provided a first look into how local networks of neurons in the AC are organized and activated in response to auditory stimuli. Our data showed that while previously reported large-scale organizational principles do exist, local populations of neurons in the auditory corte ...
Circuitry and Function of the Dorsal Cochlear Nucleus
... Understanding auditory processing in terms of the neural circuits in the brain depends on working out the roles of the multiple parallel pathways of the brainstem auditory system. An excellent example is provided by Chapter 4 of this book (see Yin, Chapter 4), in which the role of the system consist ...
... Understanding auditory processing in terms of the neural circuits in the brain depends on working out the roles of the multiple parallel pathways of the brainstem auditory system. An excellent example is provided by Chapter 4 of this book (see Yin, Chapter 4), in which the role of the system consist ...
Bipolar Cell
... • As we all know, our eyes detect the presence of light. • For humans, light is a narrow band of the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation. Electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength of between 380 and 760 nm (a nanometer, nm, is one-billionth of a meter) is visible to us. (See Figure 6.1.) • Other ...
... • As we all know, our eyes detect the presence of light. • For humans, light is a narrow band of the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation. Electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength of between 380 and 760 nm (a nanometer, nm, is one-billionth of a meter) is visible to us. (See Figure 6.1.) • Other ...
Complex Motion Perception and its Deficits
... MSTd is involved in the analysis of optical flow and the representation of the structure of the 3-D visual environment. MSTd cells have a particularly strong bias for expanding motion suggesting that this area plays an important role in visually-guided navigation, since forward motion through the wo ...
... MSTd is involved in the analysis of optical flow and the representation of the structure of the 3-D visual environment. MSTd cells have a particularly strong bias for expanding motion suggesting that this area plays an important role in visually-guided navigation, since forward motion through the wo ...
4. Conclusions and Perspectives - RuCCS
... propositional representations encode more abstract properties) and that current evidence does not support the view that they comstitute a different format. Those who maintain that mental images are encoded in a distinct (perhaps analogical) form attempt to characterize the functional properties of i ...
... propositional representations encode more abstract properties) and that current evidence does not support the view that they comstitute a different format. Those who maintain that mental images are encoded in a distinct (perhaps analogical) form attempt to characterize the functional properties of i ...
Vestibular System: The Many Facets of a
... Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Neural Substrates for Inertial Motion Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...
... Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Neural Substrates for Inertial Motion Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...
Input-driven components of spike-frequency adaptation can be
... and a visual neuron may respond to light intensity but with an Similar to many other sensory neurons, auditory receptor cells of additional dependence on how well the stimulus overlaps with locusts respond to prolonged external stimulation with spiking the spatial receptive field or spectral sensiti ...
... and a visual neuron may respond to light intensity but with an Similar to many other sensory neurons, auditory receptor cells of additional dependence on how well the stimulus overlaps with locusts respond to prolonged external stimulation with spiking the spatial receptive field or spectral sensiti ...