Visual speech circuits in profound acquired
... Experimental protocol and design To ensure that all participants had understood the instructions correctly and could identify numbers by speechreading, subjects were trained with a computer program using the same stimuli as those used during scanning. After training, all participants showed over 80% ...
... Experimental protocol and design To ensure that all participants had understood the instructions correctly and could identify numbers by speechreading, subjects were trained with a computer program using the same stimuli as those used during scanning. After training, all participants showed over 80% ...
Frontal Eye Field Neurons Reflect Covert, Serial Shifts of Attention
... starting point, only that the animal performed a serial search. This is in contrast to a simple estimation of the time to shift attention directly from the raw reaction times observed during the recording sessions (Fig. 1 and Table S1), which would assume the animal always initiated their search fro ...
... starting point, only that the animal performed a serial search. This is in contrast to a simple estimation of the time to shift attention directly from the raw reaction times observed during the recording sessions (Fig. 1 and Table S1), which would assume the animal always initiated their search fro ...
Neural representation of object orientation: A dissociation between
... ROI the peak beta weights for each condition were identified by testing the timepoint with the highest average (numerical peak) across participants against all neighboring time points via two-tailed paired t-tests. For all ROIs, timepoint 5 (8 s after stimulus onset) was significantly higher than all ...
... ROI the peak beta weights for each condition were identified by testing the timepoint with the highest average (numerical peak) across participants against all neighboring time points via two-tailed paired t-tests. For all ROIs, timepoint 5 (8 s after stimulus onset) was significantly higher than all ...
Expectation of reward modulates cognitive signals in the basal ganglia
... considered a kind of attentional modulation. However, this is conceptually different from the type of attention investigated in previous studies. Thus, the previous studies on attention1–3 were based on the ‘attend-versus-ignore’ comparison, whereas our study was based on the ‘rewarded-versus-nonrew ...
... considered a kind of attentional modulation. However, this is conceptually different from the type of attention investigated in previous studies. Thus, the previous studies on attention1–3 were based on the ‘attend-versus-ignore’ comparison, whereas our study was based on the ‘rewarded-versus-nonrew ...
Symmetrical hemispheric priming in spatial neglect: A
... participants without neurological signs or symptoms (Experiment 1; eight females; age range 24e42 years) to verify the hemispheric effects on masked syllabic priming in normal people. In Experiment 2, we examined 12 spatial neglect patients with right-hemisphere damage (three females; mean age ¼ 63. ...
... participants without neurological signs or symptoms (Experiment 1; eight females; age range 24e42 years) to verify the hemispheric effects on masked syllabic priming in normal people. In Experiment 2, we examined 12 spatial neglect patients with right-hemisphere damage (three females; mean age ¼ 63. ...
Isodirectional Tuning of Adjacent Interneurons and Pyramidal Cells
... increasing the pyramidal neuron’s signal-to-noise ratio (Wörgötter and Koch 1991). Both mechanisms may operate collectively in the construction of spatial tuning by local circuits in cerebral cortex (Martin 1988; Wörgötter and Koch 1991). Spatial tuning was also observed in the dorsolateral pref ...
... increasing the pyramidal neuron’s signal-to-noise ratio (Wörgötter and Koch 1991). Both mechanisms may operate collectively in the construction of spatial tuning by local circuits in cerebral cortex (Martin 1988; Wörgötter and Koch 1991). Spatial tuning was also observed in the dorsolateral pref ...
Normalization in human somatosensory cortex
... state and to divert attention away from the tactile stimuli (Fig. 1). In two intervals (500 ms each, ISI 500 ms), subjects were shown four small, randomly colored disks (size: 0.5° of visual angle, distance from fixation: 1° of visual angle). One of the disks changed color between intervals, and the ...
... state and to divert attention away from the tactile stimuli (Fig. 1). In two intervals (500 ms each, ISI 500 ms), subjects were shown four small, randomly colored disks (size: 0.5° of visual angle, distance from fixation: 1° of visual angle). One of the disks changed color between intervals, and the ...
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... in which the amygdala merely represents the motivational significance of a stimulus in a valencenonspecific and spatial-nonspecific manner cannot explain these data due to the spatial dependence of these correlations. If an amygdala neuron merely represents motivational significance then correlation ...
... in which the amygdala merely represents the motivational significance of a stimulus in a valencenonspecific and spatial-nonspecific manner cannot explain these data due to the spatial dependence of these correlations. If an amygdala neuron merely represents motivational significance then correlation ...
The orbitofrontal cortex: Neuronal activity in the behaving monkey
... used to investigate responses to sensory stimulation. 32.4% of the neurons had visual responses that had typical latencies of 100-200 ms, and 9.4% responded to gustatory inputs. Most neurons were selective, in that they responded consistently to some stimuli such as foods or aversive objects, but no ...
... used to investigate responses to sensory stimulation. 32.4% of the neurons had visual responses that had typical latencies of 100-200 ms, and 9.4% responded to gustatory inputs. Most neurons were selective, in that they responded consistently to some stimuli such as foods or aversive objects, but no ...
Neural Correlates of Perceived Brightness in the Retina, Lateral
... mittee. Animals were initially sedated with an injection of acepromazine (0.11 mg / kg, i.m.) accompanied by atropine sulfate (0.05 mg / kg, i.m.), and a surgical level of anesthesia was achieved with sodium thiopental (initial dose 20 mg / kg, i.v., supplemented as needed). A tracheotomy was perfor ...
... mittee. Animals were initially sedated with an injection of acepromazine (0.11 mg / kg, i.m.) accompanied by atropine sulfate (0.05 mg / kg, i.m.), and a surgical level of anesthesia was achieved with sodium thiopental (initial dose 20 mg / kg, i.v., supplemented as needed). A tracheotomy was perfor ...
Rhythms for Cognition: Communication through
... unidirectional entrainment per direction. Anatomical data actually show that for each direction of communication, the communicating brain areas have specialized neuronal groups, i.e. a given brain area has neurons receiving inputs and different neurons sending outputs (Felleman and Van Essen, 1991; ...
... unidirectional entrainment per direction. Anatomical data actually show that for each direction of communication, the communicating brain areas have specialized neuronal groups, i.e. a given brain area has neurons receiving inputs and different neurons sending outputs (Felleman and Van Essen, 1991; ...
Cholinergic Deafferentation of the Entorhinal Cortex in Rats
... within-subjects replication of the effects of novel stimuli. Testing continued with each list of novel stimuli being reordered for each session and lists alternated each day over 8 additional days. A retest of the presurgical familiar odors was performed for one session. The following dependent meas ...
... within-subjects replication of the effects of novel stimuli. Testing continued with each list of novel stimuli being reordered for each session and lists alternated each day over 8 additional days. A retest of the presurgical familiar odors was performed for one session. The following dependent meas ...
NEUROTRANSMITTER SYSTEMS IN THE VISUAL CORTEX OF
... They found that intracortical chronic infusion of L-Glu during the period of monocular vision in young kittens largely prevents the O.D. shift which normally takes place under these conditions. Glutamate probably disrupts normal cortical activity, either by direct excitatory action on cortical neuro ...
... They found that intracortical chronic infusion of L-Glu during the period of monocular vision in young kittens largely prevents the O.D. shift which normally takes place under these conditions. Glutamate probably disrupts normal cortical activity, either by direct excitatory action on cortical neuro ...
Visual Memory and Visual Perception Recruit
... Although the focus here will be on visual perception, distinct cortical regions have also been associated with auditory-word perception, motor action, and olfactory perception (see Figure 2A). Auditory perception of sounds or words has been associated with bilateral activity in the superior temporal ...
... Although the focus here will be on visual perception, distinct cortical regions have also been associated with auditory-word perception, motor action, and olfactory perception (see Figure 2A). Auditory perception of sounds or words has been associated with bilateral activity in the superior temporal ...
stimulus conditions area MT of the macaque monkey under matched
... All procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine at Yeshiva University (anesthetized animals) or the Rutgers University Animal Care and Use Committee (awake animal) and were in compliance with the guidelines set forth in the U ...
... All procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine at Yeshiva University (anesthetized animals) or the Rutgers University Animal Care and Use Committee (awake animal) and were in compliance with the guidelines set forth in the U ...
Differential effects of 10-Hz and 40
... included within the gamma band is quite large, however, and Vidal, Chaumon, O’Regan, and TallonBaudry (2006) found evidence that visual grouping and selectively attending are associated with distinct sub-ranges within this band. Specifically, high gamma (70–120 Hz) over central occipital regions was ...
... included within the gamma band is quite large, however, and Vidal, Chaumon, O’Regan, and TallonBaudry (2006) found evidence that visual grouping and selectively attending are associated with distinct sub-ranges within this band. Specifically, high gamma (70–120 Hz) over central occipital regions was ...
The Influence of Target Properties and the Possible
... Participants in both experiments were unpaid volunteers naive to the aim of the experiment. They were students of psychology at the University of Iceland and received course credit for participating. All reported normal or corrected to normal vision. The first experiment consisted of 10 participants ...
... Participants in both experiments were unpaid volunteers naive to the aim of the experiment. They were students of psychology at the University of Iceland and received course credit for participating. All reported normal or corrected to normal vision. The first experiment consisted of 10 participants ...
C ontribution of the anterior cingulate cortex to laser
... stimulation in several studies [1,7,8]. Mor and Carmon [36] used a CO 2 laser beam to stimulate human skin to induce pain sensations and evoke a cortical potential. This method of stimulation not only possesses the attributes of the conventional thermal stimulation, but also allows the spatial and t ...
... stimulation in several studies [1,7,8]. Mor and Carmon [36] used a CO 2 laser beam to stimulate human skin to induce pain sensations and evoke a cortical potential. This method of stimulation not only possesses the attributes of the conventional thermal stimulation, but also allows the spatial and t ...
Neuronal basis of contrast discrimination
... visual cortical areas. FMRI was used to measure human brain activity as a function of stimulus contrast, in each of several identifiable visual cortical areas. Contrast increment thresholds were measured for the same stimuli across a range of baseline contrasts using a temporal 2AFC paradigm. FMRI r ...
... visual cortical areas. FMRI was used to measure human brain activity as a function of stimulus contrast, in each of several identifiable visual cortical areas. Contrast increment thresholds were measured for the same stimuli across a range of baseline contrasts using a temporal 2AFC paradigm. FMRI r ...
A Motion-sensitive Area in Ferret Extrastriate
... Preferred directions of visual stimulus motion were determined utilizing the weighted average method. Each spike time was assigned a vector corresponding to the stimulus direction at this time corrected by the neuron’s response latency. In other words: a response at time t = x ms was related to a st ...
... Preferred directions of visual stimulus motion were determined utilizing the weighted average method. Each spike time was assigned a vector corresponding to the stimulus direction at this time corrected by the neuron’s response latency. In other words: a response at time t = x ms was related to a st ...
Is neocortex essentially multisensory?
... the inactivation does not impair orientation to unimodally presented targets [37]. Based on these data, it is clear that association cortical areas have an important role to play in multimodally driven behaviours. Nevertheless, for many behaviors (if not all) and contexts, synthesis of information f ...
... the inactivation does not impair orientation to unimodally presented targets [37]. Based on these data, it is clear that association cortical areas have an important role to play in multimodally driven behaviours. Nevertheless, for many behaviors (if not all) and contexts, synthesis of information f ...
supplemental figures
... recorded neurons at the three TSI values aligned to the time from trigger. (b) Comparisons in fano factor among different time windows (see Fig. 3 for definitions of time windows) (one-way ANOVA: BA, DA, and AA: F(2,1230) = 2.22, P = 0.109; DA1, DA2, and DA3: F(2,1230) = 0.18, P = 0.837). Note that ...
... recorded neurons at the three TSI values aligned to the time from trigger. (b) Comparisons in fano factor among different time windows (see Fig. 3 for definitions of time windows) (one-way ANOVA: BA, DA, and AA: F(2,1230) = 2.22, P = 0.109; DA1, DA2, and DA3: F(2,1230) = 0.18, P = 0.837). Note that ...
Microcircuits in visual cortex Kevan AC Martin
... Schematic of connectivity within the orientation map of visual cortex. Optical recordings of intrinsic signals rendered in false color provide striking images of the tangential organization of the cortical orientation map. The maps are generated by presenting stimuli at different orientations and re ...
... Schematic of connectivity within the orientation map of visual cortex. Optical recordings of intrinsic signals rendered in false color provide striking images of the tangential organization of the cortical orientation map. The maps are generated by presenting stimuli at different orientations and re ...