The Catabolic Action of Insulin in the Brain Is Mediated
... 1997; Thornton et al., 1997; Mizuno et al., 1998). In particular, one population of ARC neurons expresses POMC, the precursor molecule of ␣-MSH. In the CNS, ␣-MSH interacts with melanocortin 3 and 4 (MC3 and MC4) receptors, and administration of ␣-MSH or other MC3/4 agonists reduces food intake and ...
... 1997; Thornton et al., 1997; Mizuno et al., 1998). In particular, one population of ARC neurons expresses POMC, the precursor molecule of ␣-MSH. In the CNS, ␣-MSH interacts with melanocortin 3 and 4 (MC3 and MC4) receptors, and administration of ␣-MSH or other MC3/4 agonists reduces food intake and ...
The amygdala: securing pleasure and avoiding pain
... and O’Doherty, 2012), from which actions can be selected for specific motivated behaviors (for example, food-seeking or mateseeking behaviors). The amygdala allows pavlovian CSs to influence the selection of actions within the behavioral repertoire; so, for instance, in the presence of a receptive f ...
... and O’Doherty, 2012), from which actions can be selected for specific motivated behaviors (for example, food-seeking or mateseeking behaviors). The amygdala allows pavlovian CSs to influence the selection of actions within the behavioral repertoire; so, for instance, in the presence of a receptive f ...
CASE 33
... pituitary secretes a large number of peptide hormones into the blood that affect the growth and secretions of other endocrine glands and/or the function of many end organs directly. Although it plays a major role in regulating many body functions, the pituitary itself is regulated in large part by t ...
... pituitary secretes a large number of peptide hormones into the blood that affect the growth and secretions of other endocrine glands and/or the function of many end organs directly. Although it plays a major role in regulating many body functions, the pituitary itself is regulated in large part by t ...
Organization of projections from the basomedial nucleus of the
... Parcellation Before describing the projections of the BMA, it is important to consider the boundaries adopted here for the nucleus and its two parts because they have not been defined precisely or consistently by earlier workers, and different nomenclatures have been used. The BMA, as defined here, ...
... Parcellation Before describing the projections of the BMA, it is important to consider the boundaries adopted here for the nucleus and its two parts because they have not been defined precisely or consistently by earlier workers, and different nomenclatures have been used. The BMA, as defined here, ...
Everitt et al. (2000) in The Amygdala - Rudolf Cardinal
... 1993), but also that it is increasingly possible to define a more widely dispersed neural network involved in such associative functions. For example it is well established that the anterior, but not posterior, cingulate cortex is critically important for the formation of stimulus-reinforcer associa ...
... 1993), but also that it is increasingly possible to define a more widely dispersed neural network involved in such associative functions. For example it is well established that the anterior, but not posterior, cingulate cortex is critically important for the formation of stimulus-reinforcer associa ...
Serum kisspeptin levels across different phases of the menstrual
... expression were found in diet-induced obese experimental rats compared with controls.16 Serum concentrations of kisspeptin and oestradiol both increased statistically significantly in the preovulatory phase when compared with the early follicular phase (table 1). Hence, our study indicates that as t ...
... expression were found in diet-induced obese experimental rats compared with controls.16 Serum concentrations of kisspeptin and oestradiol both increased statistically significantly in the preovulatory phase when compared with the early follicular phase (table 1). Hence, our study indicates that as t ...
Stomach-brain communication by vagal afferents in response
... intragastric HCl concentrations that are signaled to the NTS. To this end, the relationship among increasing concentrations of intraluminal HCl, gastric mucosal damage, and c-fos expression in the NTS at the mRNA and protein level was measured. Particular attention was paid to the question of whethe ...
... intragastric HCl concentrations that are signaled to the NTS. To this end, the relationship among increasing concentrations of intraluminal HCl, gastric mucosal damage, and c-fos expression in the NTS at the mRNA and protein level was measured. Particular attention was paid to the question of whethe ...
A neurotoxic regimen of MDMA suppresses behavioral, thermal and
... may be due to the loss of 5-HT nerve terminals following the repeated dose regimen of MDMA. The resulting defect in 5-HT neurotransmission may only be evident under conditions of stimulated 5-HT release, inasmuch as the basal extracellular concentration of 5-HT in the striatum, as well as in other b ...
... may be due to the loss of 5-HT nerve terminals following the repeated dose regimen of MDMA. The resulting defect in 5-HT neurotransmission may only be evident under conditions of stimulated 5-HT release, inasmuch as the basal extracellular concentration of 5-HT in the striatum, as well as in other b ...
Testosterone Is Your Friend
... their blood. People with youthful levels should not take any at all. Women only produce about 300 mcg, and only need about 150 mcg in their blood (150 mcg natural unsalted testosterone or 200 mg enanthate or other salt). 80% of transdermal testosterone is wasted, since only about 20% is absorbed. Th ...
... their blood. People with youthful levels should not take any at all. Women only produce about 300 mcg, and only need about 150 mcg in their blood (150 mcg natural unsalted testosterone or 200 mg enanthate or other salt). 80% of transdermal testosterone is wasted, since only about 20% is absorbed. Th ...
Semen quality according to prenatal coffee and
... study on prenatal exposure was daily coffee consumption, but in a subsequent analysis, the estimated total caffeine intake from coffee and tea was also used as the determinant: we estimated the caffeine content to be 100 mg in a cup of coffee, 50 mg in a cup of tea and 50 mg in half a liter of cola ...
... study on prenatal exposure was daily coffee consumption, but in a subsequent analysis, the estimated total caffeine intake from coffee and tea was also used as the determinant: we estimated the caffeine content to be 100 mg in a cup of coffee, 50 mg in a cup of tea and 50 mg in half a liter of cola ...
Beyond the fixed setpoint of the hypothalamus–pituitary–thyroid axis
... and parasympathetic outflow from the brain to BAT, liver, and heart (23). The first indication that metabolic effects of THs can be centrally mediated was obtained in mice heterozygous for a mutant Tra1 with low affinity for T3. These mice were hypermetabolic and showed a high BAT activity with incr ...
... and parasympathetic outflow from the brain to BAT, liver, and heart (23). The first indication that metabolic effects of THs can be centrally mediated was obtained in mice heterozygous for a mutant Tra1 with low affinity for T3. These mice were hypermetabolic and showed a high BAT activity with incr ...
Regulation of adiponectin gene expression in adipose tissue by
... have shown variable results. High adiponectin levels have been reported accompanying the elevation of thyroid hormone concentrations in hyperthyroid patients by some investigators [26, 29], whereas other authors have found no significant differences in serum adiponectin between euthyroid subjects an ...
... have shown variable results. High adiponectin levels have been reported accompanying the elevation of thyroid hormone concentrations in hyperthyroid patients by some investigators [26, 29], whereas other authors have found no significant differences in serum adiponectin between euthyroid subjects an ...
Case Report Vulval Elephantiasis: A Case Report
... The most widespread filarial infection is due to Wuchereria bancrofti (98%) and the remaining to Brugia malayi (2%) [6]. In India, the state of Bihar has highest endemicity (over 17%) followed by Kerala (15.7%) and Uttar Pradesh (14.6%). Mosquito vector for disease transmission in humans is Culex qu ...
... The most widespread filarial infection is due to Wuchereria bancrofti (98%) and the remaining to Brugia malayi (2%) [6]. In India, the state of Bihar has highest endemicity (over 17%) followed by Kerala (15.7%) and Uttar Pradesh (14.6%). Mosquito vector for disease transmission in humans is Culex qu ...
GABA neurocircuits controlling the Hypothalamic- Pituitary
... The project has evolved from being a purely pharmacological project, to cross over borders into the areas of histology and physiology. During the project I have had the pleasure and challenge of learning a wide array of techniques including: radioimmunoassay, immunocytochemistry, in situ hybridizati ...
... The project has evolved from being a purely pharmacological project, to cross over borders into the areas of histology and physiology. During the project I have had the pleasure and challenge of learning a wide array of techniques including: radioimmunoassay, immunocytochemistry, in situ hybridizati ...
Reproductive
... the bioavailability of sex hormones. As a transport glycoprotein, SHBG binds to sex hormones such as testosterone, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), estradiol, estriol, estrone and dihydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), carrying them to target tissues via the bloodstream. These hormones are biologically inactive w ...
... the bioavailability of sex hormones. As a transport glycoprotein, SHBG binds to sex hormones such as testosterone, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), estradiol, estriol, estrone and dihydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), carrying them to target tissues via the bloodstream. These hormones are biologically inactive w ...
Mitchell, Emma (2016) Detour pathways of descending motor
... were labelled anterogradely by injecting CTb into the forelimb motor cortex or medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF), to label CST and ReST axons, respectively. Fluorogold (FG) was injected unilaterally into segments L1/L2 or C3/C4 in order to retrogradely label LDPNs or intrasegmental CINs, respecti ...
... were labelled anterogradely by injecting CTb into the forelimb motor cortex or medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF), to label CST and ReST axons, respectively. Fluorogold (FG) was injected unilaterally into segments L1/L2 or C3/C4 in order to retrogradely label LDPNs or intrasegmental CINs, respecti ...
Reward loss and addiction: Opportunities for cross
... 1996). In these tasks, behavior (whether consummatory or instrumental) is rewarded with a large reward for a number of preshift sessions and then the magnitude or quality of the reward is downshifted. This unexpected reward downshift causes either consummatory suppression or instrumental avoidance o ...
... 1996). In these tasks, behavior (whether consummatory or instrumental) is rewarded with a large reward for a number of preshift sessions and then the magnitude or quality of the reward is downshifted. This unexpected reward downshift causes either consummatory suppression or instrumental avoidance o ...
Stress-feeding-Ghrelin mediates stress-induced food
... available lard- and sucrose-based chow (8), and also a visible burrow system in rats, which led to increased meal size in subordinate males (9). A third model involved measuring intake of high-fat diet (HFD) pellets to which mice exposed to chronic variable stress were given limited access along wit ...
... available lard- and sucrose-based chow (8), and also a visible burrow system in rats, which led to increased meal size in subordinate males (9). A third model involved measuring intake of high-fat diet (HFD) pellets to which mice exposed to chronic variable stress were given limited access along wit ...
Identification of key signaling molecules involved - diss.fu
... Thermoregulation is a crucial homeostatic function orchestrated by the central nervous system for all homothermic animals to obtain an optimal thermal environment. The thermoregulatory center of homothermic animals is located in the preoptic area of the hypothalamus, which not only receives the temp ...
... Thermoregulation is a crucial homeostatic function orchestrated by the central nervous system for all homothermic animals to obtain an optimal thermal environment. The thermoregulatory center of homothermic animals is located in the preoptic area of the hypothalamus, which not only receives the temp ...
Calcium/Calmodulin-mediated Action of Calcitonin on Lipid
... later. Calcitonin after one injection into control rats or rats on the high-fat diet had the effects shown in Fig. 2. The long-term effect of calcitonin was investigated by use of multiple injections in experimental animals. Regular injections of calcitonin for 12 wk significantly decreased the leve ...
... later. Calcitonin after one injection into control rats or rats on the high-fat diet had the effects shown in Fig. 2. The long-term effect of calcitonin was investigated by use of multiple injections in experimental animals. Regular injections of calcitonin for 12 wk significantly decreased the leve ...
Social regulation of aggression by pheromonal activation of Or65a
... induces changes not only in animals’ behavior but also in their physio logy, which can be detrimental to their health. In humans, social isolation influences emotion, cognition and interpersonal relation ships3. Rodents reared in isolation show physiological and behavioral abnormalities, collecti ...
... induces changes not only in animals’ behavior but also in their physio logy, which can be detrimental to their health. In humans, social isolation influences emotion, cognition and interpersonal relation ships3. Rodents reared in isolation show physiological and behavioral abnormalities, collecti ...
Neurobiological mechanisms of puberty in higher primates
... concentrations in portal blood during puberty have not been reported for any species of primate, the concept that an increased release in pulsatile GnRH is responsible for gonadarche is well founded. A marked increase in hypothalamic release of this decapeptide at the time of puberty in the female r ...
... concentrations in portal blood during puberty have not been reported for any species of primate, the concept that an increased release in pulsatile GnRH is responsible for gonadarche is well founded. A marked increase in hypothalamic release of this decapeptide at the time of puberty in the female r ...
Cystatin C prevents degeneration of rat nigral dopaminergic neurons
... L. Xu et al. / Neurobiology of Disease 18 (2005) 152–165 ...
... L. Xu et al. / Neurobiology of Disease 18 (2005) 152–165 ...
139 Endocrine System
... Gonadotropins are peptide hormones that target the gonads. In males, these hormones act on two different cell types found in the testes. FSH stimulates Sertoli cells, which nourish sperm cells. LH causes the Leydig cells to secrete testosterone. The appearance of male secondary sex characteristics, ...
... Gonadotropins are peptide hormones that target the gonads. In males, these hormones act on two different cell types found in the testes. FSH stimulates Sertoli cells, which nourish sperm cells. LH causes the Leydig cells to secrete testosterone. The appearance of male secondary sex characteristics, ...