Construction of abatement cost curves
... industrial sources like the use of PFCs in aluminium smelting or in semiconductor manufacture or the use of SF6 as an insulating gas in various electrical systems. The full set of fluorinated gases (CFC, PCFC, HFC, PFC, and SF6) comprised almost 25% of the added anthropogenic radiative forcing of t ...
... industrial sources like the use of PFCs in aluminium smelting or in semiconductor manufacture or the use of SF6 as an insulating gas in various electrical systems. The full set of fluorinated gases (CFC, PCFC, HFC, PFC, and SF6) comprised almost 25% of the added anthropogenic radiative forcing of t ...
A Proposal for the Design of the Successor to the Kyoto Protocol
... problem. The absence of institutions that compel signatories to carry out their commitments has weakened the Kyoto Protocol. Our escape clause proposal addresses the enforcement problem by transforming an exotic commitment (reduction of emissions) into a familiar requirement (payment of an internati ...
... problem. The absence of institutions that compel signatories to carry out their commitments has weakened the Kyoto Protocol. Our escape clause proposal addresses the enforcement problem by transforming an exotic commitment (reduction of emissions) into a familiar requirement (payment of an internati ...
Full Paper - EEE Seminar
... All in all, it seems fair to say that the COP21 Accord, which is as yet not fully tried, represents movement in a direction that may slow GHG emissions. A critically important …rst step achieved in COP21 is the near-universal acceptance of the repeated …ve-year cycle: pledge-verify-review-repledge-e ...
... All in all, it seems fair to say that the COP21 Accord, which is as yet not fully tried, represents movement in a direction that may slow GHG emissions. A critically important …rst step achieved in COP21 is the near-universal acceptance of the repeated …ve-year cycle: pledge-verify-review-repledge-e ...
ABN AMRO`s response
... The carbon markets – the Kyoto flexible mechanisms The flexible mechanisms of the Kyoto Protocol International Emissions Trading (Allowances) – AAU (assigned amount units) - allocated to Annex B countries based on 1990 emissions levels - “Hot air” are excess AAUs of countries whose current emissi ...
... The carbon markets – the Kyoto flexible mechanisms The flexible mechanisms of the Kyoto Protocol International Emissions Trading (Allowances) – AAU (assigned amount units) - allocated to Annex B countries based on 1990 emissions levels - “Hot air” are excess AAUs of countries whose current emissi ...
approach and technical work - Parliamentary Monitoring Group
... The group’s carbon footprint make-up is similar for each entity The group shares similar carbon mitigation opportunities and/or constraints; and/or The group is organised and can work together in order to further the collective interests of the group; and/or The group could all benefit from specific ...
... The group’s carbon footprint make-up is similar for each entity The group shares similar carbon mitigation opportunities and/or constraints; and/or The group is organised and can work together in order to further the collective interests of the group; and/or The group could all benefit from specific ...
6 Manufacturing gas in New Zealand
... activities from 1 January 2013. The details of these calculation methods are set out in the Climate Change (Stationary Energy and Industrial Processes) Amendment Regulations 2012. The details of the prescribed threshold are set out in the Climate Change (General Exemptions) ...
... activities from 1 January 2013. The details of these calculation methods are set out in the Climate Change (Stationary Energy and Industrial Processes) Amendment Regulations 2012. The details of the prescribed threshold are set out in the Climate Change (General Exemptions) ...
Australian Climate Policy Survey
... Carbon Pricing: The Paris Agreement’s Key Ingredient Report April 2016, International Emissions Trading Association ...
... Carbon Pricing: The Paris Agreement’s Key Ingredient Report April 2016, International Emissions Trading Association ...
Environmental economics and modeling marketable permits
... Agency. This market was created under the 1990 Amendments to the Clean Air Act. It was designed to address the acid rain problem by cutting back annual sulfur emissions by 10 million tons. This market in principle grants relevant power plants to meet their emission reduction quotas by whatever means ...
... Agency. This market was created under the 1990 Amendments to the Clean Air Act. It was designed to address the acid rain problem by cutting back annual sulfur emissions by 10 million tons. This market in principle grants relevant power plants to meet their emission reduction quotas by whatever means ...
Environmental economics and modelling marketable permits: Working Paper 25 (395 kB) (opens in new window)
... Agency. This market was created under the 1990 Amendments to the Clean Air Act. It was designed to address the acid rain problem by cutting back annual sulfur emissions by 10 million tons. This market in principle grants relevant power plants to meet their emission reduction quotas by whatever means ...
... Agency. This market was created under the 1990 Amendments to the Clean Air Act. It was designed to address the acid rain problem by cutting back annual sulfur emissions by 10 million tons. This market in principle grants relevant power plants to meet their emission reduction quotas by whatever means ...
PDF
... Second, the higher energy costs associated with compliance would reduce world energy demand, depressing oil and coal prices. Countries without emissions commitments would consume more fossil fuels, offsetting some of the emissions reductions by countries with commitments. ...
... Second, the higher energy costs associated with compliance would reduce world energy demand, depressing oil and coal prices. Countries without emissions commitments would consume more fossil fuels, offsetting some of the emissions reductions by countries with commitments. ...
guide to synthetic greenhouse gas activities in the NZ ETS
... activities from 1 January 2013. The details of these calculation methods are set out in the Climate Change (Stationary Energy and Industrial Processes) Amendment Regulations 2012. The details of the prescribed threshold are set out in the Climate Change (General Exemptions) ...
... activities from 1 January 2013. The details of these calculation methods are set out in the Climate Change (Stationary Energy and Industrial Processes) Amendment Regulations 2012. The details of the prescribed threshold are set out in the Climate Change (General Exemptions) ...
Peak and Decline Emissions Paths and the Global Warming Target
... required annual reduction is 1.7%; for a 10% increase in both variables (to 57 GtCO2e and 495 GtC) the required rate of reduction is still about 1.7%. Thirdly, we tested the sensitivity of these results for less than complete offsetting of the warming effects of non‐CO2 gases by the cooling effects ...
... required annual reduction is 1.7%; for a 10% increase in both variables (to 57 GtCO2e and 495 GtC) the required rate of reduction is still about 1.7%. Thirdly, we tested the sensitivity of these results for less than complete offsetting of the warming effects of non‐CO2 gases by the cooling effects ...
The Kyoto Protocol: A Review and Perspectives
... system of periodically negotiated five-year periods supports a flexible approach that allows policy-makers to adjust their decisions according to better information obtained in the future. The Protocol constitutes the first international environmental agreement that builds on market based instrument ...
... system of periodically negotiated five-year periods supports a flexible approach that allows policy-makers to adjust their decisions according to better information obtained in the future. The Protocol constitutes the first international environmental agreement that builds on market based instrument ...
What will global annual emissions of greenhouse gases be in
... published model pathways suggest that the rise in global average temperature could be limited to less than 2°C. These pathways have a median value of 53 Gt CO2e in 2020, reducing to 47 Gt CO2e in 2030, 28 Gt CO2e in 2050 and -1 GtCO2e by 2100. The four model pathways show a range of values for globa ...
... published model pathways suggest that the rise in global average temperature could be limited to less than 2°C. These pathways have a median value of 53 Gt CO2e in 2020, reducing to 47 Gt CO2e in 2030, 28 Gt CO2e in 2050 and -1 GtCO2e by 2100. The four model pathways show a range of values for globa ...
PDF
... countries aimed first to stabilize and then to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions relative to a base year of 1990. Annex B of the Kyoto Protocol is comprised of a group of 25 developed countries and a group of 13 transition countries from Central Europe and the former Soviet Union.1 The collectiv ...
... countries aimed first to stabilize and then to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions relative to a base year of 1990. Annex B of the Kyoto Protocol is comprised of a group of 25 developed countries and a group of 13 transition countries from Central Europe and the former Soviet Union.1 The collectiv ...
Interactions Between State and Federal Climate Change Policies
... Consider first the situation where the state program is more stringent than the national program in that it requires reductions from sources within the state that are greater than would be achieved under the national program alone. In this case, emissions sources must surrender both state and feder ...
... Consider first the situation where the state program is more stringent than the national program in that it requires reductions from sources within the state that are greater than would be achieved under the national program alone. In this case, emissions sources must surrender both state and feder ...
CRS Report for Congress Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Conflicting Situations, Conflicting Perspectives
... The United States has struggled with the “common but differentiated responsibilities” of developing countries and with the pledge for the developed countries to “take the lead in combating climate change....” The resulting debate concerns what actions to address greenhouse emissions should be “commo ...
... The United States has struggled with the “common but differentiated responsibilities” of developing countries and with the pledge for the developed countries to “take the lead in combating climate change....” The resulting debate concerns what actions to address greenhouse emissions should be “commo ...
The Role of Developing Countries in the Continuation of the Kyoto
... science, and the setting of emission targets based on potential environmental benefits (or the reduction in losses) is outside the scope of this inquiry. ...
... science, and the setting of emission targets based on potential environmental benefits (or the reduction in losses) is outside the scope of this inquiry. ...
Features of the Prototype Nations Climate Model
... • Runs fast for high-iteration model testing – Model simulates 500 years in less than .1 second – Allows for practical analysis in areas such as uncertainty, tradeoffs, optimization, and robustness ...
... • Runs fast for high-iteration model testing – Model simulates 500 years in less than .1 second – Allows for practical analysis in areas such as uncertainty, tradeoffs, optimization, and robustness ...
New Zealand`s Journey toward a Low-Emission Future
... (iii) New Zealand’s emission profile Unique among industrialised countries, New Zealand’s emission profile is dominated by biological emissions from agriculture (46 percent) and energy (42 percent). From 1990 to 2012, New Zealand’s gross emissions (excluding forestry) rose 25 percent and its net emi ...
... (iii) New Zealand’s emission profile Unique among industrialised countries, New Zealand’s emission profile is dominated by biological emissions from agriculture (46 percent) and energy (42 percent). From 1990 to 2012, New Zealand’s gross emissions (excluding forestry) rose 25 percent and its net emi ...
INSTITUTIONAL AND COMMUNITY CHARACTERISTICS FOR CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION A Thesis Presented
... policies to manage CO2e emissions to rethinking and redesigning our communities. One new instrument for limiting carbon emissions is to cap total emissions then create tradable emissions permits in a form of carbon market. However, all existing cap and trade systems allow emissions to exceed the aff ...
... policies to manage CO2e emissions to rethinking and redesigning our communities. One new instrument for limiting carbon emissions is to cap total emissions then create tradable emissions permits in a form of carbon market. However, all existing cap and trade systems allow emissions to exceed the aff ...
National baseline and INDC scenarios for Parties
... mitigation scenario. The mitigation measures proposed by the Ethiopian government include protection of forest areas, re-establishment of forests, and an increase of carbon stocks. Ethiopia’s INDC indicates that the net LULUCF emissions in 2010 were around 55 Mt CO2e yr-1. The BAU scenario assumes a ...
... mitigation scenario. The mitigation measures proposed by the Ethiopian government include protection of forest areas, re-establishment of forests, and an increase of carbon stocks. Ethiopia’s INDC indicates that the net LULUCF emissions in 2010 were around 55 Mt CO2e yr-1. The BAU scenario assumes a ...
Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on
... percentage of the total carbon dioxide emissions of all Annex I Parties in 1990 are assessed. Each Annex I Party's greenhouse gases emissions, in carbon dioxide equivalent amount, is used to calculate the assigned target for the Annex I Party to achieve. The related figures are listed in the Appendi ...
... percentage of the total carbon dioxide emissions of all Annex I Parties in 1990 are assessed. Each Annex I Party's greenhouse gases emissions, in carbon dioxide equivalent amount, is used to calculate the assigned target for the Annex I Party to achieve. The related figures are listed in the Appendi ...
12 International climate change agreements What is covered in this chapter?
... the IPCC’s Third Assessment Report that was about to be published clearly showed the economic costs of implementing the Kyoto Protocol to be very modest6. Special interests, i.e. the coal and oil industry, apparently had a lot of influence. The other argument, i.e. that developing countries were exe ...
... the IPCC’s Third Assessment Report that was about to be published clearly showed the economic costs of implementing the Kyoto Protocol to be very modest6. Special interests, i.e. the coal and oil industry, apparently had a lot of influence. The other argument, i.e. that developing countries were exe ...
Forest Sinks and the Kyoto Protocol
... responsibility” for any emissions above that level if it can’t; requires “demonstrable progress” towards meeting its commitments by 2005; only comes into force when 55 countries, representing 55 percent of total developed country CO2 emissions in 1990, have ratified and signed the Kyoto Protocol ...
... responsibility” for any emissions above that level if it can’t; requires “demonstrable progress” towards meeting its commitments by 2005; only comes into force when 55 countries, representing 55 percent of total developed country CO2 emissions in 1990, have ratified and signed the Kyoto Protocol ...