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THE WAY FORWARD - Canada`s Ecofiscal Commission
THE WAY FORWARD - Canada`s Ecofiscal Commission

... 3 The Practicality of Provincial Carbon Pricing................................................................................................... 12 3.1 Provinces can take the initiative—and already are............................................................................................... ...
Process-based simulation of seasonality and
Process-based simulation of seasonality and

... IPCC, 2007). It is thus expected that temperature is affecting short-term isoprenoid emission directly by enhancing biosynthesis and evaporation, but also indirectly by changing boundary conditions on medium and longer time scales. These are particularly the dynamics of foliage development and enzym ...
Š›‹˜—ȱŠ¡ȱŠ—ȱ	›ŽŽ—‘˜žœŽȱ	Šœȱ˜—›˜•DZȱ ™’˜—œȱŠ—ȱ˜—œ’Ž›Š’˜—œȱ˜›ȱ˜—›Žœœȱ
Š›‹˜—ȱŠ¡ȱŠ—ȱ ›ŽŽ—‘˜žœŽȱ Šœȱ˜—›˜•DZȱ ™’˜—œȱŠ—ȱ˜—œ’Ž›Š’˜—œȱ˜›ȱ˜—›Žœœȱ

... use less energy or use energy more efficiently; and (3) prefer products or services that are lowerpriced by virtue of incorporating less emission tax. Each of these activities would reduce GHG emissions compared to a business-as-usual track. These expected behavioral changes mirror the activities th ...
geothermal project funding through the clean
geothermal project funding through the clean

... of the COP was held in Berlin in 1995 and since then the meetings have been held almost annually. They are usually referred to by their sequential number and often also the place name where they are held, e.g. COP 17 in Durban. Article 2 of the Convention presents its objective: The ultimate objecti ...
Optimal intensity targets for greenhouse gas emissions
Optimal intensity targets for greenhouse gas emissions

... established in theory that price control (i.e. a tax) is preferable to quantity control (i.e. cap-and-trade) under cost uncertainty and for pollutants with a flat marginal damage function, such as greenhouse gases (Weitzman’s 1974; Pizer 2002), capand-trade is fast becoming the dominant instrument f ...
Estimation of nitrous oxide and methane emission from Polish
Estimation of nitrous oxide and methane emission from Polish

... nic causes of climate change, leading to growing public interest in the issue. One of the important international agreements on climate change was the Convention on Climate Change adopted at the Rio de Janeiro United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in 1992. The Kioto Protocol, whic ...
Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Wales February 2013
Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Wales February 2013

... binding‟. Pending the new framework‟s entry into force, the EU will take part in a second phase of the Kyoto Protocol starting on 1 January 2013.13 The UK Government would like to see agreement on a comprehensive legal treaty now, but states that a number of major developed and developing countries ...
Increased soil emissions of potent greenhouse gases under
Increased soil emissions of potent greenhouse gases under

... Why do GHG emissions respond positively to rising levels of atmospheric CO2? Atmospheric CO2 enrichment increased soil water contents for the studies contributing to our N2O database (Fig. 1b, Supplementary Table 11); this result is probably due to improved efficiency of water use by plants, which r ...
UK Climate action following the Paris Agreement
UK Climate action following the Paris Agreement

... The UK’s current long-term target is a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions of at least 80% by the year 2050, relative to 1990 levels. This 2050 target was derived as a contribution to a global emissions path aimed at keeping global average temperature to around 2°C above pre-industrial levels. ...
Direct carbon dioxide emissions from civil aircraft
Direct carbon dioxide emissions from civil aircraft

... Civil aviation is a global industry, so its challenges are global in scale. The ICAO serves as the global forum for its 191 member-nations, bringing them together alongside key industry organisations and setting standards and recommended practices for the development of civil aviation. As such, the ...
MSCI ESG Global Low Carbon Target Indexes Overview
MSCI ESG Global Low Carbon Target Indexes Overview

... The information contained herein (the “Information”) may not be reproduced or redisseminated in whole or in part without prior written permission from MSCI. The Information may not be used to verify or correct other data, to create indexes, risk models, or analytics, or in connection with issuing, o ...
Paper on N 2 O as a ozone depleting substances
Paper on N 2 O as a ozone depleting substances

... The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)’s fourth assessment report estimates (18) a total annual emission during the 1990s of 17.7 TgN, of which 6.7 TgN (10.5 million metric tons of N2O) were anthropogenic in origin. ...
Analytical Annex - UK Government Web Archive
Analytical Annex - UK Government Web Archive

... households and businesses improve their energy efficiency. There will be a variable impact on individual houses owing to differential take up of energy efficiency, renewable heat and micro-generation measures – those who take up measures will find impacts on bills substantially reduced. Sustained highe ...
Co2 calcs 4-11 v - Digging in the Clay
Co2 calcs 4-11 v - Digging in the Clay

... much vilified by his by his previous Green colleagues said: ...
PDF
PDF

... Indonesia and Brazil are special cases in that their emissions profile is dominated by carbon from deforestation and other land-based sources. These have been broadly stagnant over recent years, and in some cases might fall even without specific climate policy interventions, resulting in only small ...
2004 Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Manure
2004 Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Manure

... MMS data. CH4 emissions from cattle manure management were calculated using the Tier 2 approach, whereas emissions from manure management from all other livestock categories were estimated using the Tier 1 approach. Table 2 shows animal weight, volatile solid excretion (VS) and maximum CH4 -producin ...
8. equal per capita entitlements
8. equal per capita entitlements

... expansion of the global economy and attendant GHG emissions into the globally common atmosphere. This realization stimulated the associated debate on the sharing of scarce atmospheric resources, that is, establishing equitable access to this limited space, as the right to emit implies scarcity, and ...
Growth of climate change commitments from HFC banks and
Growth of climate change commitments from HFC banks and

... and HFCs illustrated in Fig. 1 are listed and grouped according to the delay times (banking times) between production and emission. About 64 % of CFC emission in the period just before the Montreal Protocol was signed came from applications with short banking times, such as aerosol propellants, clea ...
Clearing the Air on Oilsands Emissions
Clearing the Air on Oilsands Emissions

... even come close to meeting in 201116). This regulation requires all facilities emitting more than 100,000 tonnes of CO2 equivalent per year to reduce their emissions intensities by up to17 12 percent relative to a three-year facility baseline.18 Currently, the SGER is the main greenhouse gas reducti ...
analyses Why are we seeing “REDD”? seeing “REDD”?
analyses Why are we seeing “REDD”? seeing “REDD”?

... the international debate on reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation (REDD) to seek insights why and how it has become a subject in the international climate negotiations. Specifically, the objectives are to: i) document the role of tropical forests in the natural climate system and with ...
The Montreal Protocol Protection of Ozone and Climate
The Montreal Protocol Protection of Ozone and Climate

... the largest losses in both hemispheres occurring outside of the tropics.4 The Antarctic ozone hole represents the largest recurring loss with approximately sixty percent of stratospheric ozone destroyed each year, primarily during late September and early October, over a geographical area of 25,000, ...
Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol
Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol

... representing more than 55% of GHG emissions. > Entered into force on February 16th, 2005 after ratification of the Russian Federation (now 163 countries covering 61.6% of global emissions have ratified the protocol). ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 23 / 48 ...
Chapter 5 THE KYOTO PROTOCOL
Chapter 5 THE KYOTO PROTOCOL

... first time that it would support binding targets and timetables for greenhouse gas emissions. The United States was silent, however, on what specific levels it would support. Nonetheless, the public announcement gave a shot in the arm to the negotiations and offered the first promise that a meaningf ...
master`s thesis the implementation of kyoto protocol
master`s thesis the implementation of kyoto protocol

... and even longer. In order to avoid negative potential outcomes of global warming, countries have adopted the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that has so far been ratified by 192 countries. In 1997 the Kyoto protocol, a binding GHG reduction plan, was adopted and entere ...
Negotiation Indices - European Capacity Building Initiative
Negotiation Indices - European Capacity Building Initiative

... 21 July in Beijing, 29 July in New Delhi, 6 September in Oxford ...
< 1 2 3 4 5 6 ... 29 >

European Union Emission Trading Scheme

The European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS), also known as the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme, was the first large greenhouse gas emissions trading scheme in the world, and remains the biggest. It was launched in 2005 to fight Global warming and is a major pillar of EU climate policy. As of 2013, the EU ETS covers more than 11,000 factories, power stations, and other installations with a net heat excess of 20 MW in 31 countries—all 28 EU member states plus Iceland, Norway, and Liechtenstein. The installations regulated by the EU ETS are collectively responsible in 2008 for close to half of the EU's anthropogenic emissions of CO2 and 40% of its total greenhouse gas emissions. The taxation of electricity producers (power stations) for the emissions of CO2 has been controversial as globally, governments have refused to accept the additional burden while many have repealed such schemes such as Canada in 2011 and Australia in 2014.Under the 'cap and trade' principle, a maximum (cap) is set on the total amount of greenhouse gases that can be emitted by all participating installations. 'Allowances' for emissions are then auctioned off or allocated for free, and can subsequently be traded. Installations must monitor and report their CO2 emissions, ensuring they hand in enough allowances to the authorities to cover their emissions. If emission exceeds what is permitted by its allowances, an installation must purchase allowances from others. Conversely, if an installation has performed well at reducing its emissions, it can sell its leftover credits. This allows the system to find the most cost-effective ways of reducing emissions without significant government intervention.The scheme has been divided into a number of ""trading periods"". The first ETS trading period lasted three years, from January 2005 to December 2007. The second trading period ran from January 2008 until December 2012, coinciding with the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol. The third trading period began in January 2013 and will span until December 2020. Compared to 2005, when the EU ETS was first implemented, the proposed caps for 2020 represents a 21% reduction of greenhouse gases. This target has been reached 6 years early as emissions in the ETS fell to 1812 mln tonnes in 2014.The EU ETS has seen a number of significant changes, with the first trading period described as a 'learning by doing' phase.Phase III sees a turn to auctioning a majority of permits rather than allocating freely; harmonisation of rules for the remaining allocations; and the inclusion of other greenhouse gases, such as nitrous oxide and perfluorocarbons. In 2012, the EU ETS was also extended to the airline industry, though this has been paused for one year given the possibility of a global system for these emissions. The price of EU ETS carbon credits has been lower than intended, with a large surplus of allowances, in part because of the impact of the recent economic crisis on demand. In 2012, the Commission said it would delay the auctioning of some allowances. Currently legislation is under way which would introduce a Market Stability Reserve to the EU ETS that adjusts the annual supply of CO2 permits based on the CO2 permits in circulation
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