Plasticity in adult cat visual cortex (area 17) following circumscribed
... above). Both Chino and his colleagues (1992) and Schmid and her colleagues (1996) tested the responsiveness to photic stimuli of area 17 neurones of adult cats, several weeks to several months after making a discrete laser lesion in one retina. Chino and his colleagues (1992) reported that as long a ...
... above). Both Chino and his colleagues (1992) and Schmid and her colleagues (1996) tested the responsiveness to photic stimuli of area 17 neurones of adult cats, several weeks to several months after making a discrete laser lesion in one retina. Chino and his colleagues (1992) reported that as long a ...
Lecture 2 - Cranial Nerve Examination Neurologic Examination A
... inferior altitudinal halves. A blind spot is located 15 degrees temporal to fixation and just below the horizontal meridian. ...
... inferior altitudinal halves. A blind spot is located 15 degrees temporal to fixation and just below the horizontal meridian. ...
Lecture notes
... There are three bones a) malleus or hammer rests on the medial surface of the tympanic membrane. It is attached medially to the incus. b) incus or anvil is the middle ear bone. Carries sound to the stapes. c) stapes or stirrup passes sound energy into the inner ear. • It rests on a membrane covered ...
... There are three bones a) malleus or hammer rests on the medial surface of the tympanic membrane. It is attached medially to the incus. b) incus or anvil is the middle ear bone. Carries sound to the stapes. c) stapes or stirrup passes sound energy into the inner ear. • It rests on a membrane covered ...
Zachary Roth
... nasal fibers which have decussated in the optic chiasm. The majority of these fibers project to the lateral geniculate body with a minority to the prectectal nuclei. As such, the optic tracts carry visual information from the contralateral visual field bound for the lateral geniculate nucleus as wel ...
... nasal fibers which have decussated in the optic chiasm. The majority of these fibers project to the lateral geniculate body with a minority to the prectectal nuclei. As such, the optic tracts carry visual information from the contralateral visual field bound for the lateral geniculate nucleus as wel ...
Complement Deposits on Ocular Tissues Adjacent to
... against complement components (C1q for panel G, or C3 for other panels). Panels B, E, H, and K were stained with antibodies against S-antigen (green) and anti-CD11b (red). Panels C, F, I, and L are negative controls, showing no staining with the IgG isotype control. Panels A, B, and C depict stainin ...
... against complement components (C1q for panel G, or C3 for other panels). Panels B, E, H, and K were stained with antibodies against S-antigen (green) and anti-CD11b (red). Panels C, F, I, and L are negative controls, showing no staining with the IgG isotype control. Panels A, B, and C depict stainin ...
Combined HLA matched limbal stem cells allograft with amniotic
... [8]. This healing effect lends its use in multiple cases of ocular surface pathology, including corneal ulcers, severe ocular surface desiccation from chemical and thermal burns, limbal stem cell deficiency, and scleral melt [9, 10]. Recent studies and applications of amniotic membrane provide confi ...
... [8]. This healing effect lends its use in multiple cases of ocular surface pathology, including corneal ulcers, severe ocular surface desiccation from chemical and thermal burns, limbal stem cell deficiency, and scleral melt [9, 10]. Recent studies and applications of amniotic membrane provide confi ...
Vitreous Detachments - American Optometric Association
... webs and spots. These symptoms could be the early stages of a vitreous detachment. Sometimes it’s difficult to convey to patients exactly what is occurring inside their eyes. Changes such as floaters happen to everyone eventually, maybe not as severe to some as others; however, these symptoms could ...
... webs and spots. These symptoms could be the early stages of a vitreous detachment. Sometimes it’s difficult to convey to patients exactly what is occurring inside their eyes. Changes such as floaters happen to everyone eventually, maybe not as severe to some as others; however, these symptoms could ...
The Maxillary nerve HO
... After the Maxillary nerve has given off its Posterior Superior Alveolar and Zygomatic branches, it continues into the infraorbital groove as the Infraorbital nerve. Like the Infraorbital artery, the nerve gives off a Middle Superior Alveolar branch for the premolar teeth, and an Anterior Superior Al ...
... After the Maxillary nerve has given off its Posterior Superior Alveolar and Zygomatic branches, it continues into the infraorbital groove as the Infraorbital nerve. Like the Infraorbital artery, the nerve gives off a Middle Superior Alveolar branch for the premolar teeth, and an Anterior Superior Al ...
Anatomical variants in the sino-nasal region : a pictorial review
... migrate to the medial aspect of the optic nerve. These then take the name of Onodi cells (spheno-ethmoid cells) and are located between the sphenoid sinus and the floor of the anterior cranial fossa. This variation is easily seen in 5% of the coronal scans. The presence of an Onodi cell may possibly ...
... migrate to the medial aspect of the optic nerve. These then take the name of Onodi cells (spheno-ethmoid cells) and are located between the sphenoid sinus and the floor of the anterior cranial fossa. This variation is easily seen in 5% of the coronal scans. The presence of an Onodi cell may possibly ...
Clinical Advantages of Swept-Source OCT and New Non
... We enrolled patients with ischemia only in the far periphery, all of whom underwent singlesession 20-ms PASCAL® 2,500 burns photocoagulation randomized to one of three treatment arms: TRP, MT-PRP or SI-PRP. We showed that the rate of response was comparable between the three groups, which we conside ...
... We enrolled patients with ischemia only in the far periphery, all of whom underwent singlesession 20-ms PASCAL® 2,500 burns photocoagulation randomized to one of three treatment arms: TRP, MT-PRP or SI-PRP. We showed that the rate of response was comparable between the three groups, which we conside ...
Corneal development associated with eyelid opening
... preceding eyelid opening. The same authors found that the density of stromal cells decreased by approximately 50% over the same time period. It is not known if the number of cells actually decreased or if the change in density was the result of the increase in stromal volume. ...
... preceding eyelid opening. The same authors found that the density of stromal cells decreased by approximately 50% over the same time period. It is not known if the number of cells actually decreased or if the change in density was the result of the increase in stromal volume. ...
Autonomic Nervous System of the Neck
... • grey communicating branches – to C1-C4 cervical nerves – to the hypoglossal nerve – to the inferior ganglion of the vagus nerve – jugular nerve • to the superior ganglion of the vagus nerve • to the inferior ganglion of the glossopharyngeal nerve • to the internal jugular vein ...
... • grey communicating branches – to C1-C4 cervical nerves – to the hypoglossal nerve – to the inferior ganglion of the vagus nerve – jugular nerve • to the superior ganglion of the vagus nerve • to the inferior ganglion of the glossopharyngeal nerve • to the internal jugular vein ...
Neuroanatomy Laboratory
... Excitatory and inhibitory interneurons within the cerebellar cortex modulate the incoming excitatory information to determine which Purkinje cells fire and for how long. Purkinje cells send their axons to the deep cerebellar nuclei and to the vestibular nuclei, where they inhibit the ongoing activit ...
... Excitatory and inhibitory interneurons within the cerebellar cortex modulate the incoming excitatory information to determine which Purkinje cells fire and for how long. Purkinje cells send their axons to the deep cerebellar nuclei and to the vestibular nuclei, where they inhibit the ongoing activit ...
refractive errors series - VISION 2020 e
... LASIK has its own set of complications and should not be considered superior to spectacles. To sum up, Refractive errors is a major cause of unavoidable blindness all over the world and in all age groups. There are three types of Refractive errors – Myopia, Hypermetropia and Astigmatism. Myopia is t ...
... LASIK has its own set of complications and should not be considered superior to spectacles. To sum up, Refractive errors is a major cause of unavoidable blindness all over the world and in all age groups. There are three types of Refractive errors – Myopia, Hypermetropia and Astigmatism. Myopia is t ...
TSM53 - The External, Middle, and Inner Ear
... The cochlea is a stacked bony spiral with two to three ‘levels’ containing the organs of hearing o The central bony column of the cochlea is called the modiolus o The cochlear nerve (branch of CNVIII) ascends the core of the modiolus o A bony shelf, the spiral lamina, projects laterally from the mod ...
... The cochlea is a stacked bony spiral with two to three ‘levels’ containing the organs of hearing o The central bony column of the cochlea is called the modiolus o The cochlear nerve (branch of CNVIII) ascends the core of the modiolus o A bony shelf, the spiral lamina, projects laterally from the mod ...
Special Senses
... Rods Most are found towards the edges of the retina Allow dim light vision and peripheral vision Perception is all in gray tones ...
... Rods Most are found towards the edges of the retina Allow dim light vision and peripheral vision Perception is all in gray tones ...
Part 1 FRCOphth Sample MCQs
... It binds to the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to block peptidyl transferase It inhibits DNA gyrase to interfere with DNA synthesis It inhibits peptide cross-linking of the polysaccharide chains of peptidoglycan ...
... It binds to the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to block peptidyl transferase It inhibits DNA gyrase to interfere with DNA synthesis It inhibits peptide cross-linking of the polysaccharide chains of peptidoglycan ...
Organogenesis Mesoderm - Relative Positions of Different Types
... • Neural crest cells following the path leading between the epidermis and the somite give rise to pigment cells in the skin. ...
... • Neural crest cells following the path leading between the epidermis and the somite give rise to pigment cells in the skin. ...
KVM2013 Abstract Book - Scandinavian Journal of Optometry and
... for by an adaptive optics system also during all these measurements. In the measurements of the natural TCA, the system TCA was stable at around 3 arcmin. On all subjects, it was possible to measure TCA up to 10° – 15° out in the different visual fields. The absolute magnitude of TCA between green an ...
... for by an adaptive optics system also during all these measurements. In the measurements of the natural TCA, the system TCA was stable at around 3 arcmin. On all subjects, it was possible to measure TCA up to 10° – 15° out in the different visual fields. The absolute magnitude of TCA between green an ...
Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography Imaging of Retinal
... thickening (Fig. 1C). SD-OCT showed more precisely the extent of RPE detachment underlying the foveal detachment (Fig. 1D). The cross-hairs of the SD-OCT scan output were placed over the polyps as guided by ICGA. The polyps were not visualized on SD-OCT images; irregularity and thickening of outer r ...
... thickening (Fig. 1C). SD-OCT showed more precisely the extent of RPE detachment underlying the foveal detachment (Fig. 1D). The cross-hairs of the SD-OCT scan output were placed over the polyps as guided by ICGA. The polyps were not visualized on SD-OCT images; irregularity and thickening of outer r ...
HP3213501362
... eyes using the natural way of the light: light is directed through the pupil to the retina and the fundus with its normal and abnormal parts can be observed from the reflected light. CR4-45NM camera Non-Mydriatic Retinal Camera is used . The 35 mm camera body should be attached to the main unit and ...
... eyes using the natural way of the light: light is directed through the pupil to the retina and the fundus with its normal and abnormal parts can be observed from the reflected light. CR4-45NM camera Non-Mydriatic Retinal Camera is used . The 35 mm camera body should be attached to the main unit and ...
Patterning the optic neuroepithelium by FGF signaling
... these tissues are determined. The vertebrate retina provides a model system to study these processes. During vertebrate development, the optic vesicle grows out from the diencephalon. As the optic vesicle contacts the surface ectoderm, it starts to invaginate to form the optic cup (Barnstable, 1991) ...
... these tissues are determined. The vertebrate retina provides a model system to study these processes. During vertebrate development, the optic vesicle grows out from the diencephalon. As the optic vesicle contacts the surface ectoderm, it starts to invaginate to form the optic cup (Barnstable, 1991) ...
Photoreceptor cell
A photoreceptor cell is a specialized type of neuron found in the retina that is capable of phototransduction. The great biological importance of photoreceptors is that they convert light (visible electromagnetic radiation) into signals that can stimulate biological processes. To be more specific, photoreceptor proteins in the cell absorb photons, triggering a change in the cell's membrane potential.The two classic photoreceptor cells are rods and cones, each contributing information used by the visual system to form a representation of the visual world, sight. The rods are narrower than the cones and distributed differently across the retina, but the chemical process in each that supports phototransduction is similar. A third class of photoreceptor cells was discovered during the 1990s: the photosensitive ganglion cells. These cells do not contribute to sight directly, but are thought to support circadian rhythms and pupillary reflex.There are major functional differences between the rods and cones. Rods are extremely sensitive, and can be triggered by a single photon. At very low light levels, visual experience is based solely on the rod signal. This explains why colors cannot be seen at low light levels: only one type of photoreceptor cell is active.Cones require significantly brighter light (i.e., a larger numbers of photons) in order to produce a signal. In humans, there are three different types of cone cell, distinguished by their pattern of response to different wavelengths of light. Color experience is calculated from these three distinct signals, perhaps via an opponent process. The three types of cone cell respond (roughly) to light of short, medium, and long wavelengths. Note that, due to the principle of univariance, the firing of the cell depends upon only the number of photons absorbed. The different responses of the three types of cone cells are determined by the likelihoods that their respective photoreceptor proteins will absorb photons of different wavelengths. So, for example, an L cone cell contains a photoreceptor protein that more readily absorbs long wavelengths of light (i.e., more ""red""). Light of a shorter wavelength can also produce the same response, but it must be much brighter to do so.The human retina contains about 120 million rod cells and 6 million cone cells. The number and ratio of rods to cones varies among species, dependent on whether an animal is primarily diurnal or nocturnal. Certain owls, such as the tawny owl, have a tremendous number of rods in their retinae. In addition, there are about 2.4 million to 3 million ganglion cells in the human visual system, the axons of these cells form the 2 optic nerves, 1 to 2% of them photosensitive.The pineal and parapineal glands are photoreceptive in non-mammalian vertebrates, but not in mammals. Birds have photoactive cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-contacting neurons within the paraventricular organ that respond to light in the absence of input from the eyes or neurotransmitters. Invertebrate photoreceptors in organisms such as insects and molluscs are different in both their morphological organization and their underlying biochemical pathways. Described here are human photoreceptors.