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... which will differentiate into central neural retina (cNR) and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), and a peripheral portion, from which the ciliary body and the iris are derived. The specification of the dorsal and peripheral optic cup (OCP) requires the activation of canonical Wnt signalling (Fuhrmann ...
... which will differentiate into central neural retina (cNR) and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), and a peripheral portion, from which the ciliary body and the iris are derived. The specification of the dorsal and peripheral optic cup (OCP) requires the activation of canonical Wnt signalling (Fuhrmann ...
Exam 3 - USA Blue Class
... Optic Disc- formed by axons leaving the retina where they enter the optic nerve o No photoreceptors over the optic disc, thus a small blind spot is formed here which is located ~15° later and slightly inferior to the central fixation point of each eye o No functional deficit when both eyes are use ...
... Optic Disc- formed by axons leaving the retina where they enter the optic nerve o No photoreceptors over the optic disc, thus a small blind spot is formed here which is located ~15° later and slightly inferior to the central fixation point of each eye o No functional deficit when both eyes are use ...
PDF - Molecular Vision
... with dispase II treatment. LECs were cultured in EpiLife medium on human amniotic membrane (AM) denuded with mild alkali treatment, on plastic dishes and on glass slides coated with a mixture of human fibronectin, collagen type IV, and laminin (FCL). Cultured LECs were fixed in p-formaldehyde or met ...
... with dispase II treatment. LECs were cultured in EpiLife medium on human amniotic membrane (AM) denuded with mild alkali treatment, on plastic dishes and on glass slides coated with a mixture of human fibronectin, collagen type IV, and laminin (FCL). Cultured LECs were fixed in p-formaldehyde or met ...
- Circle of Docs
... 37. The spinal cord ends at which of the following vertebral levels a. L2 b. L1 c. L4 d. L5 38. The adrenal medulla is which of the following a. Postganglionic sympathetic b. Preganglionic sympathetics c. Postganglionic parasympathetic d. Preganglionic parasympathetic 39. If there was a lesion in th ...
... 37. The spinal cord ends at which of the following vertebral levels a. L2 b. L1 c. L4 d. L5 38. The adrenal medulla is which of the following a. Postganglionic sympathetic b. Preganglionic sympathetics c. Postganglionic parasympathetic d. Preganglionic parasympathetic 39. If there was a lesion in th ...
A simple method for in vivo labelling of infiltrating leukocytes in the
... The third model was the laser-induced choroidal neovascularisation (CNV) model, a widely used model to study pathological angiogenesis in the retina (22). The vascular response in this model is accompanied by an accumulation of infiltrating leukocytes in the laser lesion from the circulation and fro ...
... The third model was the laser-induced choroidal neovascularisation (CNV) model, a widely used model to study pathological angiogenesis in the retina (22). The vascular response in this model is accompanied by an accumulation of infiltrating leukocytes in the laser lesion from the circulation and fro ...
Colobomas - The Retina Reference
... elevated rim of peripapillary tissue. The vessels emerge in a peculiar radiating pattern reminiscent of a flower. Genetic Implications of Colobomas Most colobomas occur sporadically and have no genetic implications. That is, in these cases, the affected patient will not have an increased risk of hav ...
... elevated rim of peripapillary tissue. The vessels emerge in a peculiar radiating pattern reminiscent of a flower. Genetic Implications of Colobomas Most colobomas occur sporadically and have no genetic implications. That is, in these cases, the affected patient will not have an increased risk of hav ...
Cow Eye dissection - Seekonk High School
... have the anterior features of the eye and the other half will contain the posterior (see figure 2) The inside of the eye cavity is filled with liquid. This is the vitreous humor, and it helps maintain the shape of the eye. Depending on how the specimen was preserved, it will be either a dark liquid ...
... have the anterior features of the eye and the other half will contain the posterior (see figure 2) The inside of the eye cavity is filled with liquid. This is the vitreous humor, and it helps maintain the shape of the eye. Depending on how the specimen was preserved, it will be either a dark liquid ...
Strabismus is a disease characterizing by the eyes misalignment. It
... Development of binocular vision starts at the child birth. Both photoreceptor organ of the eye and vision are changing. In children, size and shape of the eyeball differ from the adult eye. Retina and its nervous elements, especially cones in the macular area, are not fully developed. Peripheral tem ...
... Development of binocular vision starts at the child birth. Both photoreceptor organ of the eye and vision are changing. In children, size and shape of the eyeball differ from the adult eye. Retina and its nervous elements, especially cones in the macular area, are not fully developed. Peripheral tem ...
Segmental Scleral Buckling
... buckling as the procedure of choice for phakic retinal detachments as well as retinal detachments due to a dialysis or holes in lattice in myopic eyes. rates in patients with encircling buckles as well as in vitrectomized eyes.1 In our view, vitrectomy is advantageous in regard to short-term postope ...
... buckling as the procedure of choice for phakic retinal detachments as well as retinal detachments due to a dialysis or holes in lattice in myopic eyes. rates in patients with encircling buckles as well as in vitrectomized eyes.1 In our view, vitrectomy is advantageous in regard to short-term postope ...
1 REFRACTION 1.1 Emmetropia 1.2 Ametropia 1.2.1 Spherical
... In the examination of the distance visual acuity, or uncorrected visual acuity, one eye is covered and the patient is asked to read the lines on the reading chart from top to bottom. The smallest line the patient is able to read correctly determines the visual acuity for distance, in this case 0.5 o ...
... In the examination of the distance visual acuity, or uncorrected visual acuity, one eye is covered and the patient is asked to read the lines on the reading chart from top to bottom. The smallest line the patient is able to read correctly determines the visual acuity for distance, in this case 0.5 o ...
Fine structure of the choroidal coat of the avian
... (ACh) and Som are released from the same terminals through two different secretory pathways. Som acts as a neuromodulator and inhibits the Ca 2+ -dependent, K+-evoked 3H-ACh release from the axon terminals of choroid neurons, and its action is mediated by a cascade mechanism involving nitric oxide a ...
... (ACh) and Som are released from the same terminals through two different secretory pathways. Som acts as a neuromodulator and inhibits the Ca 2+ -dependent, K+-evoked 3H-ACh release from the axon terminals of choroid neurons, and its action is mediated by a cascade mechanism involving nitric oxide a ...
Psychology : Concepts and Connections, Ninth Edition, Spencer A
... Psychology : Concepts and Connections, Ninth Edition, Spencer A. Rathus Chapter 4 ...
... Psychology : Concepts and Connections, Ninth Edition, Spencer A. Rathus Chapter 4 ...
Fine structure of the choroidal coat of the avian eye
... (ACh) and Som are released from the same terminals through two different secretory pathways. Som acts as a neuromodulator and inhibits the Ca 2+ -dependent, K+-evoked 3H-ACh release from the axon terminals of choroid neurons, and its action is mediated by a cascade mechanism involving nitric oxide a ...
... (ACh) and Som are released from the same terminals through two different secretory pathways. Som acts as a neuromodulator and inhibits the Ca 2+ -dependent, K+-evoked 3H-ACh release from the axon terminals of choroid neurons, and its action is mediated by a cascade mechanism involving nitric oxide a ...
Photophobia - Anthony B. Sims, DDS
... photic information to the pretectal nuclei where the trigeminal and visual pathways interact (~j:,;-,-D.Local irritation hypersensitizes the eye's local trigeminal nerve endings, thus inducing photophobia directly at the level ofthe eye (trigeminal afferent pathway). This pathway explains photophobi ...
... photic information to the pretectal nuclei where the trigeminal and visual pathways interact (~j:,;-,-D.Local irritation hypersensitizes the eye's local trigeminal nerve endings, thus inducing photophobia directly at the level ofthe eye (trigeminal afferent pathway). This pathway explains photophobi ...
Gasserian Ganglion: Appearance on Contrast
... the meningohypophysial trunk, or the middle meningeal artery, all of which arise from the intracavernous carotid artery (10). However, we found no description of an arteriovenous plexus within Meckel’s cave. Experimental studies using biochemical and fluorescent tracers, as well as gadopentetate dim ...
... the meningohypophysial trunk, or the middle meningeal artery, all of which arise from the intracavernous carotid artery (10). However, we found no description of an arteriovenous plexus within Meckel’s cave. Experimental studies using biochemical and fluorescent tracers, as well as gadopentetate dim ...
Retinal break or tear
... Acute retinal breaks are usually associated with symptoms, with flashing lights (photopsia), often in the periphery; one or more floaters of recent onset, or there may be a recent history of head or ocular trauma. However, chronic retinal breaks or atrophic holes may not cause symptoms. Signs Breaks ...
... Acute retinal breaks are usually associated with symptoms, with flashing lights (photopsia), often in the periphery; one or more floaters of recent onset, or there may be a recent history of head or ocular trauma. However, chronic retinal breaks or atrophic holes may not cause symptoms. Signs Breaks ...
Towards the Neuronal Substrate of Visual Consciousness
... cells. At this early stage in our investigation we will not worry too much about many fascinating but at the moment unrewarding aspects of the problem, such as the exact function of visual awareness, what species do and what species do not have awareness, different forms of awareness (such as dreams ...
... cells. At this early stage in our investigation we will not worry too much about many fascinating but at the moment unrewarding aspects of the problem, such as the exact function of visual awareness, what species do and what species do not have awareness, different forms of awareness (such as dreams ...
Acute Inflammation and Loss of Retinal Architecture and Function
... from metastatic spread of bacteria into the eye from a distant anatomical site (endogenous). The severity of bacterial endophthalmitis can range from relatively mild posterior segment inflammation caused by normal flora to a refractory, sight-threatening infection caused by virulent pathogens such as ...
... from metastatic spread of bacteria into the eye from a distant anatomical site (endogenous). The severity of bacterial endophthalmitis can range from relatively mild posterior segment inflammation caused by normal flora to a refractory, sight-threatening infection caused by virulent pathogens such as ...
The pupillary and ciliary components of the cat Edinger
... The distribution of preganglionic motoneurons supplying the ciliary ganglion in the cat was defined both qualitatively and quantitatively. These cells were retrogradely labeled directly, following injections of wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) into the ciliary gan ...
... The distribution of preganglionic motoneurons supplying the ciliary ganglion in the cat was defined both qualitatively and quantitatively. These cells were retrogradely labeled directly, following injections of wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) into the ciliary gan ...
Special Senses
... the ciliary body controls the shape of the lens and produces aqueous humor; it is composed of the ciliary muscle and the ciliary processes; the ciliary muscle is attached to the lens via zonular fibers from between the ciliary processes to form the suspensory ligament; during accommodation, contract ...
... the ciliary body controls the shape of the lens and produces aqueous humor; it is composed of the ciliary muscle and the ciliary processes; the ciliary muscle is attached to the lens via zonular fibers from between the ciliary processes to form the suspensory ligament; during accommodation, contract ...
Effects of insulin-like growth factor 2 and its receptor expressions on
... and quantified for expression of various cytokines including epidermal growth factor (EGF), fibroblast growth factor-β (FGF-β), heparin-like growth factor (HGF), keratinocyte growth factor (KGF), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), IGF-1 and IGF-2. The effects of these factors on the differentia ...
... and quantified for expression of various cytokines including epidermal growth factor (EGF), fibroblast growth factor-β (FGF-β), heparin-like growth factor (HGF), keratinocyte growth factor (KGF), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), IGF-1 and IGF-2. The effects of these factors on the differentia ...
File
... color. • Light: packets of energy called photons (quanta) that travel in a wavelike fashion • Rods and cones respond to different wavelengths of the visible spectrum Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
... color. • Light: packets of energy called photons (quanta) that travel in a wavelike fashion • Rods and cones respond to different wavelengths of the visible spectrum Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
SO-eyeball_NEU_14
... long posterior ciliary aa.(ophthalmic a.) • Short posterior ciliary aa.-(muscular brs.) ...
... long posterior ciliary aa.(ophthalmic a.) • Short posterior ciliary aa.-(muscular brs.) ...
Ocular pigmentation in white and Siamese cats.
... fundus (B), blue-eyed white cat iris (C) and fundus (D), and seal-point Siamese iris (E) and fundus (F) (left eye of animals Q, R, and S, respectively). The darkly pigmented pupillary ruff of the epithelium, located at the pupil margin, is more evident in A and C than in E. Note the translucent qual ...
... fundus (B), blue-eyed white cat iris (C) and fundus (D), and seal-point Siamese iris (E) and fundus (F) (left eye of animals Q, R, and S, respectively). The darkly pigmented pupillary ruff of the epithelium, located at the pupil margin, is more evident in A and C than in E. Note the translucent qual ...
Photoreceptor cell
A photoreceptor cell is a specialized type of neuron found in the retina that is capable of phototransduction. The great biological importance of photoreceptors is that they convert light (visible electromagnetic radiation) into signals that can stimulate biological processes. To be more specific, photoreceptor proteins in the cell absorb photons, triggering a change in the cell's membrane potential.The two classic photoreceptor cells are rods and cones, each contributing information used by the visual system to form a representation of the visual world, sight. The rods are narrower than the cones and distributed differently across the retina, but the chemical process in each that supports phototransduction is similar. A third class of photoreceptor cells was discovered during the 1990s: the photosensitive ganglion cells. These cells do not contribute to sight directly, but are thought to support circadian rhythms and pupillary reflex.There are major functional differences between the rods and cones. Rods are extremely sensitive, and can be triggered by a single photon. At very low light levels, visual experience is based solely on the rod signal. This explains why colors cannot be seen at low light levels: only one type of photoreceptor cell is active.Cones require significantly brighter light (i.e., a larger numbers of photons) in order to produce a signal. In humans, there are three different types of cone cell, distinguished by their pattern of response to different wavelengths of light. Color experience is calculated from these three distinct signals, perhaps via an opponent process. The three types of cone cell respond (roughly) to light of short, medium, and long wavelengths. Note that, due to the principle of univariance, the firing of the cell depends upon only the number of photons absorbed. The different responses of the three types of cone cells are determined by the likelihoods that their respective photoreceptor proteins will absorb photons of different wavelengths. So, for example, an L cone cell contains a photoreceptor protein that more readily absorbs long wavelengths of light (i.e., more ""red""). Light of a shorter wavelength can also produce the same response, but it must be much brighter to do so.The human retina contains about 120 million rod cells and 6 million cone cells. The number and ratio of rods to cones varies among species, dependent on whether an animal is primarily diurnal or nocturnal. Certain owls, such as the tawny owl, have a tremendous number of rods in their retinae. In addition, there are about 2.4 million to 3 million ganglion cells in the human visual system, the axons of these cells form the 2 optic nerves, 1 to 2% of them photosensitive.The pineal and parapineal glands are photoreceptive in non-mammalian vertebrates, but not in mammals. Birds have photoactive cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-contacting neurons within the paraventricular organ that respond to light in the absence of input from the eyes or neurotransmitters. Invertebrate photoreceptors in organisms such as insects and molluscs are different in both their morphological organization and their underlying biochemical pathways. Described here are human photoreceptors.