Structural and Functional Organizing Principles of Language
... and limitations of modular models in dealing with adaptation, novelty, innate versus learned, domain-general and domain-specific features, and developmental and age-related changes of cognitive organization. Prompted by the rapidly increasing amount of empirical data on the functional elements of th ...
... and limitations of modular models in dealing with adaptation, novelty, innate versus learned, domain-general and domain-specific features, and developmental and age-related changes of cognitive organization. Prompted by the rapidly increasing amount of empirical data on the functional elements of th ...
Feedforward, horizontal, and feedback processing
... neighbouring areas. The supragranular layers of V1 and V2 exchange information directly [3,19]. In the rat, it has even been shown that feedback from LM (the V2 ‘homologue’) projects directly onto the excitatory network of V1 neurons that provides the feedforward input to LM [20••]. In addition, V3 ...
... neighbouring areas. The supragranular layers of V1 and V2 exchange information directly [3,19]. In the rat, it has even been shown that feedback from LM (the V2 ‘homologue’) projects directly onto the excitatory network of V1 neurons that provides the feedforward input to LM [20••]. In addition, V3 ...
primary motor cortex
... Most complicated cortical region Involved with intellect, cognition, recall and personality Contains working memory needed for judgment, reasoning and conscience Development depends on feedback from social environment ...
... Most complicated cortical region Involved with intellect, cognition, recall and personality Contains working memory needed for judgment, reasoning and conscience Development depends on feedback from social environment ...
Fatigue and Inhibition
... anyway, one impulse is enough to do the trick; but for reliable transmission across the synapse it may be necessary to have two or more neurons sum their effects. Summation is the reinforcement of the action of one stimulus, or one facilitation, by that of another. If one touch on the skin or one sl ...
... anyway, one impulse is enough to do the trick; but for reliable transmission across the synapse it may be necessary to have two or more neurons sum their effects. Summation is the reinforcement of the action of one stimulus, or one facilitation, by that of another. If one touch on the skin or one sl ...
`What` and `where` in the human brain
... guided movements? According to Goodale and Milner 145,46,48*1, patient D.F. suffered an anoxic episode from carbon monoxide poisoning, resulting in diffuse brain damage, which was most apparent in cortical areas 18 and 19. These areas are the source of visual input to parietal, as well as temporal, ...
... guided movements? According to Goodale and Milner 145,46,48*1, patient D.F. suffered an anoxic episode from carbon monoxide poisoning, resulting in diffuse brain damage, which was most apparent in cortical areas 18 and 19. These areas are the source of visual input to parietal, as well as temporal, ...
Learning Strengthens the Response of Primary Visual Cortex to
... may have shifted toward the trained stimulus. The observed changes in V1 could be produced locally or could result from feedback from higher cortical areas. Studies of V1 with single-unit recording report different neural effects of learning than those observed here [14–16]. None of the studies repo ...
... may have shifted toward the trained stimulus. The observed changes in V1 could be produced locally or could result from feedback from higher cortical areas. Studies of V1 with single-unit recording report different neural effects of learning than those observed here [14–16]. None of the studies repo ...
5211: Session 1 Hypothalamus and its regulation of anterior and
... Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) forms from the roof of the pharynx in the embryo. Posterior pituitary develops from the floor of the third ventricle forming the stalk (infundibulum) and the posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis). Anterior pituitary has no neurons or synapses, just cells producin ...
... Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) forms from the roof of the pharynx in the embryo. Posterior pituitary develops from the floor of the third ventricle forming the stalk (infundibulum) and the posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis). Anterior pituitary has no neurons or synapses, just cells producin ...
What We Know and Do Not Know about the Functions of the
... gets to choose one. One of the stimuli, if chosen, yields a reward (illustrated here as the cherries), whereas the other stimulus yields either an aversive outcome or simply the absence of reward (no cherries). During the acquisition phase, the subject learns to discriminate between the two stimuli, ...
... gets to choose one. One of the stimuli, if chosen, yields a reward (illustrated here as the cherries), whereas the other stimulus yields either an aversive outcome or simply the absence of reward (no cherries). During the acquisition phase, the subject learns to discriminate between the two stimuli, ...
A Computer Simulation of Olfactory Cortex with Functional
... Piriform cortex is a primary olfactory cerebral cortical structure which receives second order input from the olfactory receptors via the olfactory bulb (Fig. 1). It is believed to play a significant role in the classification and storage of olfactory information 1•2•3 . For several years we have be ...
... Piriform cortex is a primary olfactory cerebral cortical structure which receives second order input from the olfactory receptors via the olfactory bulb (Fig. 1). It is believed to play a significant role in the classification and storage of olfactory information 1•2•3 . For several years we have be ...
CaseStudyBrain2016
... through a stroke and being very conscious of what is happening to her body because she was a neuroanatomist. Dr. Bolte reports losing control over her right arm as it falls limp at her side. She also loses the ability to perceive where her body ends and where the space around her begins. She tries t ...
... through a stroke and being very conscious of what is happening to her body because she was a neuroanatomist. Dr. Bolte reports losing control over her right arm as it falls limp at her side. She also loses the ability to perceive where her body ends and where the space around her begins. She tries t ...
A coincidence detector neural network model of selective attention
... computational modelling approach to provide a biologically-plausible account of how perceptual load effects may arise in behavioral experiments. Computational modelling offers an appealing approach towards understanding psychological phenomena as the level of specificity it requires hinders the form ...
... computational modelling approach to provide a biologically-plausible account of how perceptual load effects may arise in behavioral experiments. Computational modelling offers an appealing approach towards understanding psychological phenomena as the level of specificity it requires hinders the form ...
Minimal model of strategy switching in the plus
... and neural data by suggesting the learning algorithm is identical on both levels. The learning algorithm we use is a standard temporal-difference (TD) learning rule called Q-learning [10]. At the core of TD-learning algorithms is the minimization of a so-called reward-prediction error which is propo ...
... and neural data by suggesting the learning algorithm is identical on both levels. The learning algorithm we use is a standard temporal-difference (TD) learning rule called Q-learning [10]. At the core of TD-learning algorithms is the minimization of a so-called reward-prediction error which is propo ...
Executive Functions: Eye Movements and Neuropsychiatric Disorders
... Eye Movements and Executive Functions Eye movements are any shift of position of the eye in its orbit. There are many different kinds of eye movements, which are defined in the next section titled ‘Classes of eye movements.’ Eye movements determine what information reaches our retina, visual cortex, ...
... Eye Movements and Executive Functions Eye movements are any shift of position of the eye in its orbit. There are many different kinds of eye movements, which are defined in the next section titled ‘Classes of eye movements.’ Eye movements determine what information reaches our retina, visual cortex, ...
PREFRONTAL AND MEDIAL TEMPORAL LOBE INTERACTIONS IN
... neurons that show diminished responses to repeated stimuli25,26, whereas few such neurons have been found in the hippocampus27,28. The perirhinal cortex might have a role in perceptual as well as mnemonic processing, with evidence that complex feature conjunctions might be represented in this region ...
... neurons that show diminished responses to repeated stimuli25,26, whereas few such neurons have been found in the hippocampus27,28. The perirhinal cortex might have a role in perceptual as well as mnemonic processing, with evidence that complex feature conjunctions might be represented in this region ...
(2003). Prefrontal and medial temporal lobe interactions in
... neurons that show diminished responses to repeated stimuli25,26, whereas few such neurons have been found in the hippocampus27,28. The perirhinal cortex might have a role in perceptual as well as mnemonic processing, with evidence that complex feature conjunctions might be represented in this region ...
... neurons that show diminished responses to repeated stimuli25,26, whereas few such neurons have been found in the hippocampus27,28. The perirhinal cortex might have a role in perceptual as well as mnemonic processing, with evidence that complex feature conjunctions might be represented in this region ...
Confabulation: Damage to a specific inferior medial prefrontal system
... et al., 1997; Mercer et al., 1977), frontal tumours (Fotopoulou et al., 2004), head injury (Baddeley and Wilson, 1988; Berlyne, 1972; Box et al., 1999; Damasio et al., 1985; Demery et al., 2001; Moscovitch and Melo, 1997), frontotemporal dementia (Nedjam et al., 2000; Moscovitch and Melo, 1997), Kor ...
... et al., 1997; Mercer et al., 1977), frontal tumours (Fotopoulou et al., 2004), head injury (Baddeley and Wilson, 1988; Berlyne, 1972; Box et al., 1999; Damasio et al., 1985; Demery et al., 2001; Moscovitch and Melo, 1997), frontotemporal dementia (Nedjam et al., 2000; Moscovitch and Melo, 1997), Kor ...
fMRI - Rackcdn.com
... activation of a sound-based representation of the target word (phonological processing). thus there is considerable overlap in the brain regions activated by production and comprehension tasks. The main goal of fMRI language mapping for presurgical planning is to: a) cerebral hemispheric language LA ...
... activation of a sound-based representation of the target word (phonological processing). thus there is considerable overlap in the brain regions activated by production and comprehension tasks. The main goal of fMRI language mapping for presurgical planning is to: a) cerebral hemispheric language LA ...
Paper by Daniel Romer (2010) "Adolescent Risk Taking,Impulsivity
... At the same time that the adolescent is engaging in novel and risky activities, it is argued that the PFC has not yet matured to the point where risks can be adequately assessed and control over risk taking can be sufficiently exerted to avoid unhealthy outcomes. In particular, the PFC and its conne ...
... At the same time that the adolescent is engaging in novel and risky activities, it is argued that the PFC has not yet matured to the point where risks can be adequately assessed and control over risk taking can be sufficiently exerted to avoid unhealthy outcomes. In particular, the PFC and its conne ...
What do you notice? - Neural Crossroads Laboratory
... Administration of cannabinoids disrupts theta sequences and spatial memory performance: ...
... Administration of cannabinoids disrupts theta sequences and spatial memory performance: ...
BRAINSTEM
... Separated from the parietal lobe by the central sulcus and from the temporal lobe by the lateral (Sylvian) sulcus. Serves various behavioral functions including movement control, speech, cognition, and the highest level of affective behaviors and emotions. Subdivided: superior frontal gyrus – motor ...
... Separated from the parietal lobe by the central sulcus and from the temporal lobe by the lateral (Sylvian) sulcus. Serves various behavioral functions including movement control, speech, cognition, and the highest level of affective behaviors and emotions. Subdivided: superior frontal gyrus – motor ...
Exam 1
... Separated from the parietal lobe by the central sulcus and from the temporal lobe by the lateral (Sylvian) sulcus. Serves various behavioral functions including movement control, speech, cognition, and the highest level of affective behaviors and emotions. Subdivided: superior frontal gyrus – motor ...
... Separated from the parietal lobe by the central sulcus and from the temporal lobe by the lateral (Sylvian) sulcus. Serves various behavioral functions including movement control, speech, cognition, and the highest level of affective behaviors and emotions. Subdivided: superior frontal gyrus – motor ...
Emo7onal decision‐making systems and their role in addic7on
... these two cognitive systems, Kahneman summarized that: “…the operations of System 1 are typically fast, automatic, effortless, associative, implicit (not available to introspection), and often emotionally charged; they are also governed by habit and are therefore difBicult to control or modify…” ...
... these two cognitive systems, Kahneman summarized that: “…the operations of System 1 are typically fast, automatic, effortless, associative, implicit (not available to introspection), and often emotionally charged; they are also governed by habit and are therefore difBicult to control or modify…” ...
The computational and neural basis of voluntary motor control and
... Box 1. Electromyographic responses to a perturbation A mechanical perturbation applied to a limb (or joint) elicits activity in muscle afferents (and likely some cutaneous afferents), generating a complex pattern of electromyographic (EMG) activity in muscles that resist the perturbation (Figure I; ...
... Box 1. Electromyographic responses to a perturbation A mechanical perturbation applied to a limb (or joint) elicits activity in muscle afferents (and likely some cutaneous afferents), generating a complex pattern of electromyographic (EMG) activity in muscles that resist the perturbation (Figure I; ...
Natural signal statistics and sensory gain control
... or from a set that is optimized for statistical independence5. The strength of the dependency varies depending on the specific pair of filters chosen (Fig. 3). Nevertheless, this dependency is a property of natural signals, and is not due purely to properties of this particular set of linear filters ...
... or from a set that is optimized for statistical independence5. The strength of the dependency varies depending on the specific pair of filters chosen (Fig. 3). Nevertheless, this dependency is a property of natural signals, and is not due purely to properties of this particular set of linear filters ...
The Nervous System
... the understanding of the structure and function of the nervous system, and to the understanding of biological, psychological and social factors that influence learning and memory. Use these tables as checklists when revising. Tick off each dot point when you are satisfied that you have thoroughly co ...
... the understanding of the structure and function of the nervous system, and to the understanding of biological, psychological and social factors that influence learning and memory. Use these tables as checklists when revising. Tick off each dot point when you are satisfied that you have thoroughly co ...
Executive functions
Executive functions (also known as cognitive control and supervisory attentional system) is an umbrella term for the management (regulation, control) of cognitive processes, including working memory, reasoning, task flexibility, and problem solving as well as planning and execution.The executive system is a theorized cognitive system in psychology that controls and manages other cognitive processes, such as executive functions. The prefrontal areas of the frontal lobe are necessary but not solely sufficient for carrying out these functions.