Divergent Projections from the Anterior Inferotemporal Area TE to
... Figure 3. Cytoarchitecture of TEav, the caudal part of area 36 (36c), area 35, and area 28. A, Nissl-stained section. There is a separation between layers V and VI in TEav but not in 36c. Layer IV is present in area 36 but absent in areas 35 and 28. The presence of intensely stained large neurons in ...
... Figure 3. Cytoarchitecture of TEav, the caudal part of area 36 (36c), area 35, and area 28. A, Nissl-stained section. There is a separation between layers V and VI in TEav but not in 36c. Layer IV is present in area 36 but absent in areas 35 and 28. The presence of intensely stained large neurons in ...
Midbrain fMRI: Applications, Limitations and Challenges
... lamina IV, where this lamina receives serotonergic innervation (Foote and Morrison 1987). Also, there is a notable absence of projections to the basal ganglia (apart from the core of the NAcc; Berridge and Waterhouse 2003). For some noradrener gic neurons, axon collaterals coinnervat ...
... lamina IV, where this lamina receives serotonergic innervation (Foote and Morrison 1987). Also, there is a notable absence of projections to the basal ganglia (apart from the core of the NAcc; Berridge and Waterhouse 2003). For some noradrener gic neurons, axon collaterals coinnervat ...
FNIRS Measures of Prefrontal Cortex Lateralization During Stuttered
... (L-R)/(L+R) calculated from these values. Two primary hypotheses were tested: (1) AWS will present with greater right-hemisphere PFC oxygenation relative to TS in a habitual or everyday speaking task (2) AWS will present with reduced right-hemisphere PFC activation (leftward shift in laterality more ...
... (L-R)/(L+R) calculated from these values. Two primary hypotheses were tested: (1) AWS will present with greater right-hemisphere PFC oxygenation relative to TS in a habitual or everyday speaking task (2) AWS will present with reduced right-hemisphere PFC activation (leftward shift in laterality more ...
JERZY KONORSKI`S THEORY OF CONDITIONED
... becomes, according to Pavlov, a "substitute" for the unconditioned stimulus and evokes a response similar to that observed to the unconditioned stimulus presented alone (24). In contrast to that in instrumental canditioning the conditioned r e s p m e differs as a rule from the response evaked by an ...
... becomes, according to Pavlov, a "substitute" for the unconditioned stimulus and evokes a response similar to that observed to the unconditioned stimulus presented alone (24). In contrast to that in instrumental canditioning the conditioned r e s p m e differs as a rule from the response evaked by an ...
Starosta, S., Güntürkün, O., Stüttgen, M.C., Stimulus
... hopper was illuminated for 3 or 4 seconds (depending on the animal), and, provided food access during that interval with probability p, with p ranging from 0.6 to 0.8. On the other fraction of trials 1–p, the food hopper was illuminated for the same time but the food hopper was not activated (‘S+ fo ...
... hopper was illuminated for 3 or 4 seconds (depending on the animal), and, provided food access during that interval with probability p, with p ranging from 0.6 to 0.8. On the other fraction of trials 1–p, the food hopper was illuminated for the same time but the food hopper was not activated (‘S+ fo ...
Sample
... d) positively Incorrect. It is during the action potential the positively charged ions flow into the neuron and outnumber the negatively charged ions. ANS: C, pp. 44–45, C, (2) Section: Brain Circuits: Making Connections 20. “All or none” is the principle stating that ______. a) a neuron either fire ...
... d) positively Incorrect. It is during the action potential the positively charged ions flow into the neuron and outnumber the negatively charged ions. ANS: C, pp. 44–45, C, (2) Section: Brain Circuits: Making Connections 20. “All or none” is the principle stating that ______. a) a neuron either fire ...
Neural mechanisms of stimulus generalization in auditory fear
... Accumulating evidence has been showing that each one of the pathways alone is sufficient to support auditory fear conditioning. However, according to a recent study, the auditory cortex might be necessary for the recall of auditory fear learning, which would render impossible the task of testing the ...
... Accumulating evidence has been showing that each one of the pathways alone is sufficient to support auditory fear conditioning. However, according to a recent study, the auditory cortex might be necessary for the recall of auditory fear learning, which would render impossible the task of testing the ...
Organization of Visual Areas in Macaque and
... equivalent to V6 (Fig. 2F). Lumping vs. Splitting. Some regions are considered a single area by some investigators (the “lumpers”) but as ...
... equivalent to V6 (Fig. 2F). Lumping vs. Splitting. Some regions are considered a single area by some investigators (the “lumpers”) but as ...
Long-term potentiation in the anterior cingulate cortex and chronic
... pyramidal cells, especially those located in deep layer V, project to sensory related brain areas, including the motor cortex, amygdala, midbrain areas, brainstem and spinal cord [2]. In vivo electrophysiological recordings of neurons from animals as ...
... pyramidal cells, especially those located in deep layer V, project to sensory related brain areas, including the motor cortex, amygdala, midbrain areas, brainstem and spinal cord [2]. In vivo electrophysiological recordings of neurons from animals as ...
E ffects of different kinds of acute stress on nerve growth factor
... reduction of measured NGF concentrations. While the level of glucocorticoids in the bloodstream showed adaptation after chronic stress of foot shocks, the observed decrease of NGF after acute and chronic stress was similar [36]. Another explanation for a reduced NGF concentration after stress could ...
... reduction of measured NGF concentrations. While the level of glucocorticoids in the bloodstream showed adaptation after chronic stress of foot shocks, the observed decrease of NGF after acute and chronic stress was similar [36]. Another explanation for a reduced NGF concentration after stress could ...
primary visual cortex and visual awareness
... Visual attention can be directed to a particular region of space, visual feature or object, and can enhance the neural processing of attended stimuli and suppress the processing of irrelevant stimuli. Behavioural studies indicate that attention is necessary but not sufficient for visual awareness — ...
... Visual attention can be directed to a particular region of space, visual feature or object, and can enhance the neural processing of attended stimuli and suppress the processing of irrelevant stimuli. Behavioural studies indicate that attention is necessary but not sufficient for visual awareness — ...
Neuroimaging and ADHD: fMRI, PET, DTI Findings, and
... By assessing the changes in brain metabolism (i.e., fluctuations in oxygenated versus deoxygenated blood), fMRI measures increases and decreases in regional brain activity across time (Weyandt, 2006). Specifically, fMRI allows for measurements of tissue perfusion, blood-volume changes, or changes in ...
... By assessing the changes in brain metabolism (i.e., fluctuations in oxygenated versus deoxygenated blood), fMRI measures increases and decreases in regional brain activity across time (Weyandt, 2006). Specifically, fMRI allows for measurements of tissue perfusion, blood-volume changes, or changes in ...
Chemosensory Convergence on Primary Olfactory Cortex
... under a condition of relative olfactory compromise. Confirmation of recording sites. After experimental sessions, subjects were deeply anesthetized and perfused through the heart with saline, followed by 10% Formalin. Ten seconds of direct current (5–10 A) were passed through the electrodes from wh ...
... under a condition of relative olfactory compromise. Confirmation of recording sites. After experimental sessions, subjects were deeply anesthetized and perfused through the heart with saline, followed by 10% Formalin. Ten seconds of direct current (5–10 A) were passed through the electrodes from wh ...
Organization of Visual Inputs to the Inferior Temporal and Posterior
... The other pathway also beginswith the primary visual cortex but continues through multiple prestriate areasinto the inferior temporal cortex. This “ventral stream” appearsto play an important role in pattern vision, color vision, and object recognition. Although the original evidence for the 2 syste ...
... The other pathway also beginswith the primary visual cortex but continues through multiple prestriate areasinto the inferior temporal cortex. This “ventral stream” appearsto play an important role in pattern vision, color vision, and object recognition. Although the original evidence for the 2 syste ...
J Neurophysiol - University of Connecticut
... endeavored to draw thalamocortical comparisons from nonsimultaneous recordings (Barone et al. 1996; Clarey et al. 1995; Pelleg-Toiba and Wollberg 1989; Samson et al. 2000). Because differences in animal model, anesthesia, stimuli, and measured response parameters could affect results, the literature ...
... endeavored to draw thalamocortical comparisons from nonsimultaneous recordings (Barone et al. 1996; Clarey et al. 1995; Pelleg-Toiba and Wollberg 1989; Samson et al. 2000). Because differences in animal model, anesthesia, stimuli, and measured response parameters could affect results, the literature ...
The orbitofrontal cortex: Neuronal activity in the behaving monkey
... testing (see below) responded as soon as the object was shown to the animal (count period 4). Neurons which did not respond in count period 4, but did respond as the object approached the mouth in the latter part of count period 5 and during count period 6, could have activity that was related to be ...
... testing (see below) responded as soon as the object was shown to the animal (count period 4). Neurons which did not respond in count period 4, but did respond as the object approached the mouth in the latter part of count period 5 and during count period 6, could have activity that was related to be ...
download file
... experienced sensory input in the cortex. Such experience-dependent plasticity depends on the presence of high levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) in the cortex prior to maturation. In an adult rat, we paired acoustic input with injections of Rolipram-a drug that increases cortical cAMP ...
... experienced sensory input in the cortex. Such experience-dependent plasticity depends on the presence of high levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) in the cortex prior to maturation. In an adult rat, we paired acoustic input with injections of Rolipram-a drug that increases cortical cAMP ...
Column-Based Model of Electric Field Excitation of Cerebral Cortex
... TMS). The primary objective of the analysis was to determine the locations of the left hemisphere M1-hand response induced by TMS and that induced by finger movement both relative to sulcal anatomy and relative to standardized coordinates. A group SPI(z) (n ⫽ 11) was created for the finger-movement co ...
... TMS). The primary objective of the analysis was to determine the locations of the left hemisphere M1-hand response induced by TMS and that induced by finger movement both relative to sulcal anatomy and relative to standardized coordinates. A group SPI(z) (n ⫽ 11) was created for the finger-movement co ...
Levels of kinesin light chain and dynein intermediate
... Levels of abnormal PHF tau proteins and of Aß in frontal cortex of controls and AD patients We checked for the presence of phosphotau proteins with the PHF-1 antibody in control and AD samples of frontal cortex used for assessing the levels of kinesin light chain and dynein intermediate chain (Suppl ...
... Levels of abnormal PHF tau proteins and of Aß in frontal cortex of controls and AD patients We checked for the presence of phosphotau proteins with the PHF-1 antibody in control and AD samples of frontal cortex used for assessing the levels of kinesin light chain and dynein intermediate chain (Suppl ...
Cross modality matching of brightness and loudness
... research and knowledge regarding cortical reaction to sensory integration. According to Marks, “The system that mediates these cross modal equivalences is unknown but may best be thought of as a cognitive mechanism that is capable of manipulating dimensions of sensory experience” (p. 173). Although ...
... research and knowledge regarding cortical reaction to sensory integration. According to Marks, “The system that mediates these cross modal equivalences is unknown but may best be thought of as a cognitive mechanism that is capable of manipulating dimensions of sensory experience” (p. 173). Although ...
Slides - Computational Brain Imaging Group
... represents an individual participant. Panel C shows the signature response versus the pain intensity for heat, pain-anticipation, and pain-recall conditions. Signature response values were calculated by taking the dot product of the signature-pattern weights and parameter estimates from a standard, ...
... represents an individual participant. Panel C shows the signature response versus the pain intensity for heat, pain-anticipation, and pain-recall conditions. Signature response values were calculated by taking the dot product of the signature-pattern weights and parameter estimates from a standard, ...
A magnetic resonance spectroscopy investigation of obsessive
... observed differences in brain chemistry between OCD patients and controls might be related to between-group differences in levels of state (or trait) anxiety, as opposed to the presence of OCD per se. If differences in observed brain chemistry are associated with general anxiousness, this would sugg ...
... observed differences in brain chemistry between OCD patients and controls might be related to between-group differences in levels of state (or trait) anxiety, as opposed to the presence of OCD per se. If differences in observed brain chemistry are associated with general anxiousness, this would sugg ...
Prediction of Subjective Affective State From Brain Activations
... 1997a,b; Singer 1999). Analogous questions are now being asked with data from functional neuroimaging of the brain, including how well it is possible to predict which stimulus has been shown or which decision will be taken, by measuring the activity in the voxels of activity typically 1 mm3 or large ...
... 1997a,b; Singer 1999). Analogous questions are now being asked with data from functional neuroimaging of the brain, including how well it is possible to predict which stimulus has been shown or which decision will be taken, by measuring the activity in the voxels of activity typically 1 mm3 or large ...
Cortex, Cognition and the Cell: New Insights into the Pyramidal
... circuitry is the same in different species (Krubitzer, 1995; Kolb and Tees, 2000; Jerison, 2001). In keeping with this dogma, regional differences in cortical function such as vision, somatosensation and hearing, were attributed solely to the source of their inputs. However, if circuitry in prefront ...
... circuitry is the same in different species (Krubitzer, 1995; Kolb and Tees, 2000; Jerison, 2001). In keeping with this dogma, regional differences in cortical function such as vision, somatosensation and hearing, were attributed solely to the source of their inputs. However, if circuitry in prefront ...
Through the looking glass: counter
... realigned and ‘unwarped’ (corrected for interactions between movements and field inhomogeneities) (Andersson et al., 2001), normalized to a standard echo planar imaging template, resampled to a resolution of 3 · 3 · 3 mm and smoothed with a three-dimensional Gaussian kernel with full-width half maxim ...
... realigned and ‘unwarped’ (corrected for interactions between movements and field inhomogeneities) (Andersson et al., 2001), normalized to a standard echo planar imaging template, resampled to a resolution of 3 · 3 · 3 mm and smoothed with a three-dimensional Gaussian kernel with full-width half maxim ...