The medial geniculate, not the amygdala, as the root of auditory fear
... nociceptive information to the LA .” (p. 966) [All quotations are exact; authors sometimes use “LA” rather than “AL” to refer to the lateral nucleus of the amygdala.] 3.3. Experimental support for the AMYG model The AMYG model has been presented in numerous reviews (e.g., Fanselow and LeDoux, 1999; ...
... nociceptive information to the LA .” (p. 966) [All quotations are exact; authors sometimes use “LA” rather than “AL” to refer to the lateral nucleus of the amygdala.] 3.3. Experimental support for the AMYG model The AMYG model has been presented in numerous reviews (e.g., Fanselow and LeDoux, 1999; ...
Role of the basal ganglia in conditional associative learning
... The arbitrary mapping of sensory information onto action forms an important element of the intelligent behavior of primates (also called conditional associative learning). The cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loops are thought to play a key role in such behavior. The present research was under ...
... The arbitrary mapping of sensory information onto action forms an important element of the intelligent behavior of primates (also called conditional associative learning). The cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loops are thought to play a key role in such behavior. The present research was under ...
Distribution of GABA‐like immunoreactivity in the rat amygdaloid
... GABA-Li material. However, the pattern and location of The distribution of GABA-like immunoreactivity in the the neurons varied, as did their shapes, the density of their amygdaloid complex has been studied by using specific distribution, and the intensity of the staining in the anti-GABA antibodies ...
... GABA-Li material. However, the pattern and location of The distribution of GABA-like immunoreactivity in the the neurons varied, as did their shapes, the density of their amygdaloid complex has been studied by using specific distribution, and the intensity of the staining in the anti-GABA antibodies ...
Spontaneous default mode network phase
... in stereotype threatening contexts, error feedback (but not correct feedback) receives privileged access to working memory resources and is better encoded (Forbes and Leitner, 2014; Forbes et al., submitted), which could lead stigmatized students to overestimate errors and experience greater feeling ...
... in stereotype threatening contexts, error feedback (but not correct feedback) receives privileged access to working memory resources and is better encoded (Forbes and Leitner, 2014; Forbes et al., submitted), which could lead stigmatized students to overestimate errors and experience greater feeling ...
Functions of the Nervous System
... can permanently damage the brain problems with physical and mental development Place shunt in brain to drain excess fluid ...
... can permanently damage the brain problems with physical and mental development Place shunt in brain to drain excess fluid ...
Technology Insight: noninvasive brain stimulation in neurology
... whereas an enlargement of the primary motor cortex area for the hand, as defined by TMS,39,40 correlates with better motor outcome. Studies in animals41 and humans42 have described a shift in sensorimotor cortex activation from bilateral to stroke-affected hemisphere in association with poststroke r ...
... whereas an enlargement of the primary motor cortex area for the hand, as defined by TMS,39,40 correlates with better motor outcome. Studies in animals41 and humans42 have described a shift in sensorimotor cortex activation from bilateral to stroke-affected hemisphere in association with poststroke r ...
Visual Categorization and the Primate Prefrontal Cortex
... 500 ms of fixation, a sample image was presented at the center of the screen for 600 ms, followed by a 1,000-ms delay. Then a choice image appeared. If the sample and choice stimuli were from the same category (a category match), the monkeys were required to release the lever before the stimulus dis ...
... 500 ms of fixation, a sample image was presented at the center of the screen for 600 ms, followed by a 1,000-ms delay. Then a choice image appeared. If the sample and choice stimuli were from the same category (a category match), the monkeys were required to release the lever before the stimulus dis ...
Is anterior cingulate cortex necessary for cognitive control?Brain, 128
... Functional neuroimaging studies in normal humans suggest that dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) plays an important role in cognitive control. This brain area is reliably activated when tasks require the ongoing adjustment of the allocation of attention. The dACC has come to occupy a central ro ...
... Functional neuroimaging studies in normal humans suggest that dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) plays an important role in cognitive control. This brain area is reliably activated when tasks require the ongoing adjustment of the allocation of attention. The dACC has come to occupy a central ro ...
Seana Coulson, Jonathan W. King and Marta Kutas
... the rest of language processing has recently included evidence obtained from the brain's electrical response to words in sentence contexts. Osterhout, McKinnon, Bersick and Corey (1996) report that event-related brain potentials (ERPs) elicited by syntactic anomalies differ qualitatively from the br ...
... the rest of language processing has recently included evidence obtained from the brain's electrical response to words in sentence contexts. Osterhout, McKinnon, Bersick and Corey (1996) report that event-related brain potentials (ERPs) elicited by syntactic anomalies differ qualitatively from the br ...
the mirror-neuron system - UCSF Center for Integrative Neuroscience
... There are two classes of visuomotor neurons in monkey area F5: canonical neurons, which respond to the presentation of an object, and mirror neurons, which respond when the monkey sees object-directed action (Rizzolatti & Luppino 2001). In order to be triggered by visual stimuli, mirror neurons requ ...
... There are two classes of visuomotor neurons in monkey area F5: canonical neurons, which respond to the presentation of an object, and mirror neurons, which respond when the monkey sees object-directed action (Rizzolatti & Luppino 2001). In order to be triggered by visual stimuli, mirror neurons requ ...
the mirror-neuron system - Psychology and Neuroscience
... There are two classes of visuomotor neurons in monkey area F5: canonical neurons, which respond to the presentation of an object, and mirror neurons, which respond when the monkey sees object-directed action (Rizzolatti & Luppino 2001). In order to be triggered by visual stimuli, mirror neurons requ ...
... There are two classes of visuomotor neurons in monkey area F5: canonical neurons, which respond to the presentation of an object, and mirror neurons, which respond when the monkey sees object-directed action (Rizzolatti & Luppino 2001). In order to be triggered by visual stimuli, mirror neurons requ ...
(2012) Prediction of economic choice by primate amygdala neurons
... rats, amygdala lesions impair reward-related and affective behavior (3, 4). Individual amygdala neurons respond to basic rewarding and aversive stimuli (5, 6), code expectations about rewarding and aversive outcomes (7–10), and update the positive and negative values of conditioned stimuli during le ...
... rats, amygdala lesions impair reward-related and affective behavior (3, 4). Individual amygdala neurons respond to basic rewarding and aversive stimuli (5, 6), code expectations about rewarding and aversive outcomes (7–10), and update the positive and negative values of conditioned stimuli during le ...
The organisation of the stress response, and its relevance to
... stimuli are illustrated below. The intricate biology of the stress response is depicted via numerous pathways working together to function at a systemic level. These systems are activated under different mechanisms, controlling areas of the body as means of survival. The principal physiological resp ...
... stimuli are illustrated below. The intricate biology of the stress response is depicted via numerous pathways working together to function at a systemic level. These systems are activated under different mechanisms, controlling areas of the body as means of survival. The principal physiological resp ...
View PDF - e-Science Central
... integrity in the cingulate and the corpus collosum. Another study [13] reported diminished psychomotor abilities (using balance and response speed measures) that were associated with white matter degradation within the internal and external capsules, inferior cingulate bundle, fornix, as well as fro ...
... integrity in the cingulate and the corpus collosum. Another study [13] reported diminished psychomotor abilities (using balance and response speed measures) that were associated with white matter degradation within the internal and external capsules, inferior cingulate bundle, fornix, as well as fro ...
PDF - Bentham Open
... that anxiety disorders may be linked to insufficient regulatory control from the PFC. Further, PFC dysregulation is associated with increased amygdala reactivity [26-31] and an exaggerated emotional response to threats [11, 32, 33]. For example, prior work has shown that participants with low trait ...
... that anxiety disorders may be linked to insufficient regulatory control from the PFC. Further, PFC dysregulation is associated with increased amygdala reactivity [26-31] and an exaggerated emotional response to threats [11, 32, 33]. For example, prior work has shown that participants with low trait ...
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in the
... sites tested, the left prefrontal cortex was associated with the most effective high-frequency rTMS results. However, the applicability of the findings to other groups of psychotically depressed patients is problematic. Most patients in the study by Pascual-Leone et al. were maintained in an ambulat ...
... sites tested, the left prefrontal cortex was associated with the most effective high-frequency rTMS results. However, the applicability of the findings to other groups of psychotically depressed patients is problematic. Most patients in the study by Pascual-Leone et al. were maintained in an ambulat ...
Anatomy of Neuropsychiatry : The New Anatomy of the
... Lennart Heimer is the principal author of Chapters 1–3. Chapters 1 and 2 provide a brief description of the origin and evolution of the concept of the limbic system and some deficiencies attributed to it as a basis for understanding behavior and human neuropsychiatric disorders. Chapter 3 describes ...
... Lennart Heimer is the principal author of Chapters 1–3. Chapters 1 and 2 provide a brief description of the origin and evolution of the concept of the limbic system and some deficiencies attributed to it as a basis for understanding behavior and human neuropsychiatric disorders. Chapter 3 describes ...
GABAergic Influence on Taste Information in the Central Gustatory
... discrimination capabalities; the research by Smith and Li further suggests that many cells may normally be under GABAergic inhibition because after GABA inhibition was removed, cells responded more equally to the top two best stimuli, but when GABA was present their response was sharpened to be hig ...
... discrimination capabalities; the research by Smith and Li further suggests that many cells may normally be under GABAergic inhibition because after GABA inhibition was removed, cells responded more equally to the top two best stimuli, but when GABA was present their response was sharpened to be hig ...
Amygdala Modulation of Cerebellar Learning
... Instruments). The microdrive was grounded with a skull screw, and its base was secured to the rat with bone cement. Tetrode drivers were initially lowered 1.5 mm during surgery. Drivers were subsequently lowered to the target over a 3– 4 d period taking note of neuronal landmarks, such as the dense ...
... Instruments). The microdrive was grounded with a skull screw, and its base was secured to the rat with bone cement. Tetrode drivers were initially lowered 1.5 mm during surgery. Drivers were subsequently lowered to the target over a 3– 4 d period taking note of neuronal landmarks, such as the dense ...
Reward and Reinforcement I 1. Which of the following statements is
... but not primary reinforcers C. innervates the red nucleus and the dorsal striatum D. is involved in mediating electrical brain stimulation reward via dopamine E. the cortical part is related to visual cortex A. FALSE it originates in the VTA B. FALSE DA is released in nucleus accumbens in response t ...
... but not primary reinforcers C. innervates the red nucleus and the dorsal striatum D. is involved in mediating electrical brain stimulation reward via dopamine E. the cortical part is related to visual cortex A. FALSE it originates in the VTA B. FALSE DA is released in nucleus accumbens in response t ...
an integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function
... them. They provide bias signals throughout much of the rest of the brain, affecting not only visual processes but also other sensory modalities, as well as systems responsible for response execution, memory retrieval, emotional evaluation, etc. The aggregate effect of these bias signals is to guide ...
... them. They provide bias signals throughout much of the rest of the brain, affecting not only visual processes but also other sensory modalities, as well as systems responsible for response execution, memory retrieval, emotional evaluation, etc. The aggregate effect of these bias signals is to guide ...
Action Preparation Shapes Processing in Early Visual Cortex
... pointing task, and a standard retinotopic mapping task to delineate early viewing orientation task. Stimuli were presented using a back projection visual areas. system and a Plexiglas screen mounted onto the receive coil, visible Grasping/pointing task. Subjects were placed in the 7T MRI scanner, th ...
... pointing task, and a standard retinotopic mapping task to delineate early viewing orientation task. Stimuli were presented using a back projection visual areas. system and a Plexiglas screen mounted onto the receive coil, visible Grasping/pointing task. Subjects were placed in the 7T MRI scanner, th ...
the evolution of body and brain, and of sensory
... vertebrates (Fig. 4-5), at the retinal level. Emitted or reflected light from the outside world is projected upon the retinal surface by an ocular apparatus and is captured by pigments of the rods and cones that transduce the energy of photons into electric nerve signals. In diurnal monkeys, cones p ...
... vertebrates (Fig. 4-5), at the retinal level. Emitted or reflected light from the outside world is projected upon the retinal surface by an ocular apparatus and is captured by pigments of the rods and cones that transduce the energy of photons into electric nerve signals. In diurnal monkeys, cones p ...
Word doc - Center for Neural Science
... CF stimuli, narrow frequency receptive fields (reflected in narrow threshold-tuning functions and response areas), and a topographic arrangement of CF representations (Doron et al. 2002; Merzenich et al. 1975; Phillips et al. 1985b; Sally and Kelly 1988). Similar features are found throughout the le ...
... CF stimuli, narrow frequency receptive fields (reflected in narrow threshold-tuning functions and response areas), and a topographic arrangement of CF representations (Doron et al. 2002; Merzenich et al. 1975; Phillips et al. 1985b; Sally and Kelly 1988). Similar features are found throughout the le ...
MRI Assessment of Gray and White Matter Distribution in
... Brentwood, New York. Thirty-six patients were right-handed and one was ambidextrous on the basis of evaluation with the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory (40). The patients were evaluated with the Comprehensive Assessment of Symptoms and History (41) and were given a diagnosis of schizophrenia (N=36) o ...
... Brentwood, New York. Thirty-six patients were right-handed and one was ambidextrous on the basis of evaluation with the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory (40). The patients were evaluated with the Comprehensive Assessment of Symptoms and History (41) and were given a diagnosis of schizophrenia (N=36) o ...