Long-range GABAergic neurons in the prefrontal cortex modulate
... prefrontal cortex (PL) drives fear by its excitatory projections to excitatory neurons in the basolateral amygdala (BLA), whereas the infralimbic prefrontal cortex (IL) inhibits fear by its excitatory projections to GABAergic intercalated cells (ITCs) in the amygdala (Sotres-Bayon and Quirk 2010). O ...
... prefrontal cortex (PL) drives fear by its excitatory projections to excitatory neurons in the basolateral amygdala (BLA), whereas the infralimbic prefrontal cortex (IL) inhibits fear by its excitatory projections to GABAergic intercalated cells (ITCs) in the amygdala (Sotres-Bayon and Quirk 2010). O ...
Humor an Antidote for Stress
... In this context, humor can be an empowerment tool. Humor gives us a different perspective on our problems and, with an attitude of detachment we feel a sense of self-protection and control in our environment. (26,27) As comedian Bill Cosby is fond of saying, "If you can laugh at it, you can survive ...
... In this context, humor can be an empowerment tool. Humor gives us a different perspective on our problems and, with an attitude of detachment we feel a sense of self-protection and control in our environment. (26,27) As comedian Bill Cosby is fond of saying, "If you can laugh at it, you can survive ...
Distinct representations of olfactory information in different cortical
... the piriform cortex is observed from every glomerulus examined independent of its identity or location within the olfactory bulb (n 5 21; Supplementary Fig. 6). On visual inspection, the patterns of projection from two identical glomeruli are no more similar than the patterns of projection observed ...
... the piriform cortex is observed from every glomerulus examined independent of its identity or location within the olfactory bulb (n 5 21; Supplementary Fig. 6). On visual inspection, the patterns of projection from two identical glomeruli are no more similar than the patterns of projection observed ...
the cortical projection of the medial geniculate body
... areas in the region of the posterior part of the suprasylvian fissure. These ablation experiments upon dogs and other animals were repeated as newer methods became available. Amongst others the method of conditioned reflexes was used. Kalischer (1907), Swift (1910), Zeliony (1913), and Karplus and K ...
... areas in the region of the posterior part of the suprasylvian fissure. These ablation experiments upon dogs and other animals were repeated as newer methods became available. Amongst others the method of conditioned reflexes was used. Kalischer (1907), Swift (1910), Zeliony (1913), and Karplus and K ...
Imagery and Perception Share Cortical
... a position either 6 left or right of fixation (Fig. 1B,C) in pseudorandom order. In the imagery condition, participants received auditory cues that indicated the location at which to imagine an object (left or right of fixation) and which of the objects to imagine (Fig. 1B,C). Participants had 4 s to ...
... a position either 6 left or right of fixation (Fig. 1B,C) in pseudorandom order. In the imagery condition, participants received auditory cues that indicated the location at which to imagine an object (left or right of fixation) and which of the objects to imagine (Fig. 1B,C). Participants had 4 s to ...
Program - Albion
... can be constructed in a combinatorial fashion. We are now working to dissect cerebellum‐dependent learning into its elemental components and understand the rules that determine which plasticity mechanisms are recruited during a given motor learning experience. To this end, we have been conducti ...
... can be constructed in a combinatorial fashion. We are now working to dissect cerebellum‐dependent learning into its elemental components and understand the rules that determine which plasticity mechanisms are recruited during a given motor learning experience. To this end, we have been conducti ...
The Prefrontal Cortex and Flexible Behavior
... thalamic reticular nucleus, which appears to gate information between the thalamus and the cortex. The third is the specialized connection of the posterior orbitofrontal cortex with the amygdala, which has a key role in emotional processes. Excitatory Prefrontal Pathways In primates, the pathways th ...
... thalamic reticular nucleus, which appears to gate information between the thalamus and the cortex. The third is the specialized connection of the posterior orbitofrontal cortex with the amygdala, which has a key role in emotional processes. Excitatory Prefrontal Pathways In primates, the pathways th ...
Behavioral verification of associative learning in whisker
... the intensity, animal species, motivational system involved, etc. In aversive conditioning CRs include physiological responses, such as changes in blood pressure, heart rate, salivation, galvanic skin response, and respiration, and also behavioral responses such as facilitation of the startle reflex ...
... the intensity, animal species, motivational system involved, etc. In aversive conditioning CRs include physiological responses, such as changes in blood pressure, heart rate, salivation, galvanic skin response, and respiration, and also behavioral responses such as facilitation of the startle reflex ...
Feeling others` painful actions: The sensorimotor
... which relevant somatosensory brain regions may support the action understanding task. First, they may simply be involved in coding sensory-tactile qualities of the objects. If this is the case, some regions should show a preference for actions involving noxious objects, irrespective of whether they ...
... which relevant somatosensory brain regions may support the action understanding task. First, they may simply be involved in coding sensory-tactile qualities of the objects. If this is the case, some regions should show a preference for actions involving noxious objects, irrespective of whether they ...
20356-46231-3-SP - Scandinavian Journal of Child and
... These findings may correspond with similar neuroanatomical findings in adult patients with BPD. The discrepancy in the imaging findings between adults and younger people may be due to variations in developmental timing, age of measurement or plasticity of the brain (39–41). A recent study (42) in yo ...
... These findings may correspond with similar neuroanatomical findings in adult patients with BPD. The discrepancy in the imaging findings between adults and younger people may be due to variations in developmental timing, age of measurement or plasticity of the brain (39–41). A recent study (42) in yo ...
Dopamine: generalization and bonuses
... time interval around time 2, and the sum total amount of reward presented is about 2 units. Before learning (left plots), wðsÞ ¼ 0 and so vðtÞ ¼ 0 for all t, and so dðtÞ ¼ rðtÞ: Once learning is complete (right plots), vðtÞ ¼ 0 until the stimulus is shown. Then vðtÞ ¼ 2; the total sum of the reward ...
... time interval around time 2, and the sum total amount of reward presented is about 2 units. Before learning (left plots), wðsÞ ¼ 0 and so vðtÞ ¼ 0 for all t, and so dðtÞ ¼ rðtÞ: Once learning is complete (right plots), vðtÞ ¼ 0 until the stimulus is shown. Then vðtÞ ¼ 2; the total sum of the reward ...
Acoustical Vision of Neglected Stimuli: Interaction among Spatially
... contrast, no improvement should be expected for larger spatial separation between the two different sensory stimuli (e.g., 308). Moreover, according to the inverse effectiveness rule, the improvement should be bigger for the visual positions that are more affected by the spatial impairment, that is, ...
... contrast, no improvement should be expected for larger spatial separation between the two different sensory stimuli (e.g., 308). Moreover, according to the inverse effectiveness rule, the improvement should be bigger for the visual positions that are more affected by the spatial impairment, that is, ...
Gustatory processing is dynamic and distributed Donald B
... writings of Erickson, one of the pioneers of taste coding theory, who has long since abandoned the version of AFP presented above). Temporal responses evoked by tastants have also been investigated in humans using magnetoencephalography [26], a noninvasive technique that combines the temporal sensit ...
... writings of Erickson, one of the pioneers of taste coding theory, who has long since abandoned the version of AFP presented above). Temporal responses evoked by tastants have also been investigated in humans using magnetoencephalography [26], a noninvasive technique that combines the temporal sensit ...
PDF
... Given the need for rapid predator avoidance in animals with vastly different body types, the expression of these responses has been necessarily altered to suit the sensorimotor requirements of each anatomical form. Hale et al. (2002) have demonstrated that the expression of escape behavior is not co ...
... Given the need for rapid predator avoidance in animals with vastly different body types, the expression of these responses has been necessarily altered to suit the sensorimotor requirements of each anatomical form. Hale et al. (2002) have demonstrated that the expression of escape behavior is not co ...
Messages from the Brain Connectivity Regarding Neural Correlates
... areas of both cerebral hemispheres, or impairment of structures lying in the paramedian diencephalon and upper brainstem, or involvement of both the hemispheres and brainstem together [5]. Consciousness is not a one-dimensional concept. It has dual aspects to the dimensions of wakefulness (arousal) ...
... areas of both cerebral hemispheres, or impairment of structures lying in the paramedian diencephalon and upper brainstem, or involvement of both the hemispheres and brainstem together [5]. Consciousness is not a one-dimensional concept. It has dual aspects to the dimensions of wakefulness (arousal) ...
Fear Models in Animals and Humans
... While the amygdala is critical for fear learning to specific cues, in many circumstances the learned fear response extends to the larger context in which the aversive event occurred. This contextual fear is adaptive in that the location and circumstances under which dangerous events occur can be as ...
... While the amygdala is critical for fear learning to specific cues, in many circumstances the learned fear response extends to the larger context in which the aversive event occurred. This contextual fear is adaptive in that the location and circumstances under which dangerous events occur can be as ...
Integrative actions of the reticular formation The reticular activating
... In humans naturally occurring brainstem lesions. not involving sensory tracts were shown to be associated with somnolence by Fulton and Baily (1929) (tumors), Von Economo (1918) (encephalitis), and Richter and Trout (1940) .. Finally Geretitzoff (1940) showed that the general cortical arousal reacti ...
... In humans naturally occurring brainstem lesions. not involving sensory tracts were shown to be associated with somnolence by Fulton and Baily (1929) (tumors), Von Economo (1918) (encephalitis), and Richter and Trout (1940) .. Finally Geretitzoff (1940) showed that the general cortical arousal reacti ...
Human Economic Choice as Costly Information Processing
... different reaction times, much like tasks using ambiguous and risky stimuli produce different reaction times. Generally, several forms of study, lesion research, single-cell recording, PET, and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) tend to implicate the inferior parietal cortex and the fronta ...
... different reaction times, much like tasks using ambiguous and risky stimuli produce different reaction times. Generally, several forms of study, lesion research, single-cell recording, PET, and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) tend to implicate the inferior parietal cortex and the fronta ...
Ch. 14 CNS textbook
... rior median sulcus, just miss dividing the cord into separate symmetrical halves. The anterior fissure is the deeper and the wider of the two grooves—a useful factor to remember when you examine spinal cord diagrams. It enables you to tell at a glance which part of the cord is anterior and which is ...
... rior median sulcus, just miss dividing the cord into separate symmetrical halves. The anterior fissure is the deeper and the wider of the two grooves—a useful factor to remember when you examine spinal cord diagrams. It enables you to tell at a glance which part of the cord is anterior and which is ...
Long latency EMG responses in hand and leg muscles
... times. Analysis time was 200 ms, the bin-width 0-2 ms. EMG responses in leg muscles were evoked by tilting a movable platform, on which the patients stood, toe up around the ankle joint (ramp stimulus 50°/s, 40). The EMG of the anterior tibialis (TA) and triceps surae (TS) muscles was recorded using ...
... times. Analysis time was 200 ms, the bin-width 0-2 ms. EMG responses in leg muscles were evoked by tilting a movable platform, on which the patients stood, toe up around the ankle joint (ramp stimulus 50°/s, 40). The EMG of the anterior tibialis (TA) and triceps surae (TS) muscles was recorded using ...
striatum
... Important for stimulus – response behavior THE VENTRAL STRIATUM (nc. Accumbens) The learning and execution of reward-related movements and activities. The ventral striatum is activated in reward situations. Reward= smoking, alcohol, drugs, sex, economic reward ...
... Important for stimulus – response behavior THE VENTRAL STRIATUM (nc. Accumbens) The learning and execution of reward-related movements and activities. The ventral striatum is activated in reward situations. Reward= smoking, alcohol, drugs, sex, economic reward ...
Revised_BJP_MS_
... monoacylglycerol lipase; NFκB, Nuclear factor kappa B; OEA, N-oleoylethanolamide; PEA, N-palmitoylethanolamide; TNF: tumour necrosis factor. ...
... monoacylglycerol lipase; NFκB, Nuclear factor kappa B; OEA, N-oleoylethanolamide; PEA, N-palmitoylethanolamide; TNF: tumour necrosis factor. ...
Emotional Arousal and Memory Binding
... pay more attention to them. Brain-imaging studies reveal that people show more activation in visual-processing regions for emotionally intense pictures than they do for emotionally neutral pictures (e.g., M.A. Bradley et al., 2003; Mather et al., 2006). These differences occur even when emotional an ...
... pay more attention to them. Brain-imaging studies reveal that people show more activation in visual-processing regions for emotionally intense pictures than they do for emotionally neutral pictures (e.g., M.A. Bradley et al., 2003; Mather et al., 2006). These differences occur even when emotional an ...