Reward loss and addiction: Opportunities for cross
... loss must be viewed in terms of reward relativity. According to this notion, organisms make decisions and adjust their behavior toward one incentive as a function of their experience with different rewards. For instance, the emotional impact of rejection by a romantic partner can be best understood ...
... loss must be viewed in terms of reward relativity. According to this notion, organisms make decisions and adjust their behavior toward one incentive as a function of their experience with different rewards. For instance, the emotional impact of rejection by a romantic partner can be best understood ...
Immunocytochemical Distribution of the
... CB1-immunoreactive (IR) axons exhibited considerable heterogeneity in density and laminar distribution. Neocortical association regions, such as the prefrontal and cingulate cortices, demonstrated a higher density, and exhibited a unique laminar pattern of CB1-IR axons, compared with primary sensory ...
... CB1-immunoreactive (IR) axons exhibited considerable heterogeneity in density and laminar distribution. Neocortical association regions, such as the prefrontal and cingulate cortices, demonstrated a higher density, and exhibited a unique laminar pattern of CB1-IR axons, compared with primary sensory ...
Aberrant Resting-State Functional Connectivity in the
... similar to fibromyalgia [18]. We have suggested that most of the documented features of CFS might be attributed to an aberrant neurobiological stress response or ‘sustained arousal’ [19]. The neurobiological stress response is governed by highly automated brain networks involving autonomic, endocrin ...
... similar to fibromyalgia [18]. We have suggested that most of the documented features of CFS might be attributed to an aberrant neurobiological stress response or ‘sustained arousal’ [19]. The neurobiological stress response is governed by highly automated brain networks involving autonomic, endocrin ...
Connections Between the Retrosplenial Cortex and the
... area C A I , and a small number of nonpyramidal neurons at the border of stratum radiatum and stratum moleculare, predominantly in area C A I (Fig. 6D). A dense cluster of neurons in the dorsal (septal) one-third of the subiculum (Fig. 6A) also projects to Rgb, as does a band of neurons in the deep ...
... area C A I , and a small number of nonpyramidal neurons at the border of stratum radiatum and stratum moleculare, predominantly in area C A I (Fig. 6D). A dense cluster of neurons in the dorsal (septal) one-third of the subiculum (Fig. 6A) also projects to Rgb, as does a band of neurons in the deep ...
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... hypoactivity for a variety of stimuli, including one’s own and others’ faces, as well as non-face objects. This suggests a model of distorted visual processing in which details are not contextualized or integrated into a whole percept. This may be associated with patients’ propensity to focus on det ...
... hypoactivity for a variety of stimuli, including one’s own and others’ faces, as well as non-face objects. This suggests a model of distorted visual processing in which details are not contextualized or integrated into a whole percept. This may be associated with patients’ propensity to focus on det ...
Validation of hippocampal volumes measured using a
... Chicago, IL). The normality of the distribution was tested using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and normal plot. The significance of differences in the ICV and hippocampal volumes between the controls and patients were tested using the t-test. To compare the hippocampal volume, analysis of covariance ( ...
... Chicago, IL). The normality of the distribution was tested using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and normal plot. The significance of differences in the ICV and hippocampal volumes between the controls and patients were tested using the t-test. To compare the hippocampal volume, analysis of covariance ( ...
Encoding of conditioned fear in central amygdala inhibitory circuits
... expression of conditioned fear responses1–3. In the classical circuit model of fear conditioning, the lateral nucleus of the amygdala is thought of as the primary site where associations between the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditioned stimulus (US) are formed and stored1–5. In contrast t ...
... expression of conditioned fear responses1–3. In the classical circuit model of fear conditioning, the lateral nucleus of the amygdala is thought of as the primary site where associations between the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditioned stimulus (US) are formed and stored1–5. In contrast t ...
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... surement after the start of stimulation for which the signal was ⬎2 SD above the baseline. In some cases, the monkey made a spontaneous movement that happened to occur just before the start of stimulation, thus complicating the assessment of latency. To reduce this source of noise, we divided the tr ...
... surement after the start of stimulation for which the signal was ⬎2 SD above the baseline. In some cases, the monkey made a spontaneous movement that happened to occur just before the start of stimulation, thus complicating the assessment of latency. To reduce this source of noise, we divided the tr ...
Auditory cortical processing: Binaural interaction in healthy
... A great deal of current knowledge of the structure and function of the human auditory central nervous system is based on studies of small mammals and primates. However, human anatomy and physiology differ from animals, and humans use more complicated acoustic signals than animals, e.g. speech and mu ...
... A great deal of current knowledge of the structure and function of the human auditory central nervous system is based on studies of small mammals and primates. However, human anatomy and physiology differ from animals, and humans use more complicated acoustic signals than animals, e.g. speech and mu ...
Dissociating Hippocampal Subregions: A Double
... pattern separation, Gilbert et al. (1998) developed a behavioral paradigm based on measuring short-term memory for spatial location information as a function of spatial similarity between two spatial locations. The results indicated that lesions of the hippocampus decrease efficiency in spatial patt ...
... pattern separation, Gilbert et al. (1998) developed a behavioral paradigm based on measuring short-term memory for spatial location information as a function of spatial similarity between two spatial locations. The results indicated that lesions of the hippocampus decrease efficiency in spatial patt ...
A Weighted and Directed Interareal Connectivity
... potentially unidirectional pathways, of which one-third (10% of the total) were shown to originate from corresponding locations within the connected cortical areas. The NFP make an important contribution to the connectivity profile of each area. These findings have important consequences for understan ...
... potentially unidirectional pathways, of which one-third (10% of the total) were shown to originate from corresponding locations within the connected cortical areas. The NFP make an important contribution to the connectivity profile of each area. These findings have important consequences for understan ...
Morphine effects on monetary reward - DUO
... Lea, Fitzmaurice, & Schenk, 2009) and methylphenidate (Botly, Burton, Rizos, & Fletcher, 2008) in rats. DA has also been implicated in reinforcement learning and is involved in coding of prediction errors depending on the size and value of rewards (Roesch, Calu, & Schoenbaum, 2007; Schultz, 2007a). ...
... Lea, Fitzmaurice, & Schenk, 2009) and methylphenidate (Botly, Burton, Rizos, & Fletcher, 2008) in rats. DA has also been implicated in reinforcement learning and is involved in coding of prediction errors depending on the size and value of rewards (Roesch, Calu, & Schoenbaum, 2007; Schultz, 2007a). ...
Spontaneous activity in developing sensory circuits
... from adult: it arises not from the modulation of ongoing activity or brain states as in adults, but from alternating periods of complete network silence and activity. This temporal organization in preterms was named tracé discontinu, and is most prominent during the second half of gestation, particu ...
... from adult: it arises not from the modulation of ongoing activity or brain states as in adults, but from alternating periods of complete network silence and activity. This temporal organization in preterms was named tracé discontinu, and is most prominent during the second half of gestation, particu ...
Probabilistic Anatomic Mapping of Cerebral Blood Flow Distribution
... usually originate from the M1 portion (16). These perforating branches supply the superior part of the caudate nucleus, the lateral segment of the globus pallidus, the putamen, the dorsal half of the internal capsule, and the lateral half of the anterior commissure (17). The cortical blood from the ...
... usually originate from the M1 portion (16). These perforating branches supply the superior part of the caudate nucleus, the lateral segment of the globus pallidus, the putamen, the dorsal half of the internal capsule, and the lateral half of the anterior commissure (17). The cortical blood from the ...
Short English summery Thesis OuTline
... lesions. It has been suggested that in MS lesions foamy macrophages have a AA phenotype, since they expressed little pro-inflammatory cytokines and iNOS. In vitro, myelin ingestion was found to inhibit the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) response. We hypothesized that activation of liver X receptor (LXR) b ...
... lesions. It has been suggested that in MS lesions foamy macrophages have a AA phenotype, since they expressed little pro-inflammatory cytokines and iNOS. In vitro, myelin ingestion was found to inhibit the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) response. We hypothesized that activation of liver X receptor (LXR) b ...
A neurocomputational model of the mammalian fear
... a medium for us to explore new theories, which can be incorporated into the model and eventually tested by empirical experiments. A good model should be able to replicate data from experiments performed on animals. The fear system has a wide range of related behavioural data that comes from a colle ...
... a medium for us to explore new theories, which can be incorporated into the model and eventually tested by empirical experiments. A good model should be able to replicate data from experiments performed on animals. The fear system has a wide range of related behavioural data that comes from a colle ...
The Motor System
... remain uncrossed. The distribution is myotomal because skeletal muscles are innervated by peripheral nerves that originate from selected levels of the spinal cord. ...
... remain uncrossed. The distribution is myotomal because skeletal muscles are innervated by peripheral nerves that originate from selected levels of the spinal cord. ...
Chapter 3 Overlapping circuits for relative value and selective
... the accuracy of both animals (Figure 1B,C; Monkey A, F8,45 = 36.4, p<10-3; Monkey G, F8,45 = 98.8, p<10-3). Accuracy was higher if a high-reward target curve was combined with a noreward distractor than for the opposite combination (monkey A, paired t-test, p<10-2; monkey G, p<10-3). In accordance w ...
... the accuracy of both animals (Figure 1B,C; Monkey A, F8,45 = 36.4, p<10-3; Monkey G, F8,45 = 98.8, p<10-3). Accuracy was higher if a high-reward target curve was combined with a noreward distractor than for the opposite combination (monkey A, paired t-test, p<10-2; monkey G, p<10-3). In accordance w ...
10 Anxiety in Functional Pain Disorders Bruce D. Naliboff and Jamie L. Rhudy
... Outputs from this corticolimbic network to regions of the brainstem (e.g., periaqueductal gray, PAG; rostral ventromedial medulla, RVM) are responsible for behaviors resulting from emotion, arousal, and defense, but also for descending modulation of nociception. These outputs influence visceral and m ...
... Outputs from this corticolimbic network to regions of the brainstem (e.g., periaqueductal gray, PAG; rostral ventromedial medulla, RVM) are responsible for behaviors resulting from emotion, arousal, and defense, but also for descending modulation of nociception. These outputs influence visceral and m ...
From movement to thought: Anatomic substrates of the cerebellar
... that one could “remove considerable masses of cerebellar tissue without producing any apparent deficits. Now how are we going to explain that fact?” he wondered. ”One cannot help but feel that these intricate relay systems exert very subtle influences which, when withdrawn, produce no very obvious d ...
... that one could “remove considerable masses of cerebellar tissue without producing any apparent deficits. Now how are we going to explain that fact?” he wondered. ”One cannot help but feel that these intricate relay systems exert very subtle influences which, when withdrawn, produce no very obvious d ...
Reward-Related Neuronal Activity During Go - Research
... The present report describes how orbitofrontal neurons processed information about rewards while monkeys performed in the same delayed go-nogo task that previously was used for studying reward processing in the striatum (Hollerman et al. 1998). The task allowed us to differentiate between primary re ...
... The present report describes how orbitofrontal neurons processed information about rewards while monkeys performed in the same delayed go-nogo task that previously was used for studying reward processing in the striatum (Hollerman et al. 1998). The task allowed us to differentiate between primary re ...
Limbic structures, emotion, and memory
... respect to the exact position on the retina, size, and even view. Forming invariant representations involves a great deal of cortical computation in the hierarchy of visual cortical areas from the primary visual cortex V1 to the inferior temporal visual cortex (Rolls, 2008d, 2012a, 2016c). The funda ...
... respect to the exact position on the retina, size, and even view. Forming invariant representations involves a great deal of cortical computation in the hierarchy of visual cortical areas from the primary visual cortex V1 to the inferior temporal visual cortex (Rolls, 2008d, 2012a, 2016c). The funda ...
... working on drug dependence. Responsibility is not for those who work directly with patients only; it is also necessary to study the cocaine addiction process in research environments to allow methodological controls to be able to test hypotheses and to put forward theories. Along these lines, the ef ...
1 - Philosophy and Predictive Processing
... that dominant theories of perception have for a long time marginalized their role). The novel contribution of PP is that it puts an extreme emphasis on this idea, depicting the influence of top-down processing and prior knowledge as a pervasive feature of perception, which is not only present in cas ...
... that dominant theories of perception have for a long time marginalized their role). The novel contribution of PP is that it puts an extreme emphasis on this idea, depicting the influence of top-down processing and prior knowledge as a pervasive feature of perception, which is not only present in cas ...
Affective percept and voluntary action: A hypothesis
... systems. Accordingly, we will distinguish somatic affective stimuli, visual affective stimuli, etc. 4. Affective stimuli can activate different functional systems. Accordingly, we will distinguish food affective stimuli, esthetic affective stimuli, etc. Different affective stimuli evoke the correspo ...
... systems. Accordingly, we will distinguish somatic affective stimuli, visual affective stimuli, etc. 4. Affective stimuli can activate different functional systems. Accordingly, we will distinguish food affective stimuli, esthetic affective stimuli, etc. Different affective stimuli evoke the correspo ...