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... coronal, and horizontal cross-sections. Within each view a variety of standard color-coding algorithms was invoked to assign colors to the numerical values of the images, and each view could be independently magnified and translated. The current positions of the crosssectional planes were chosen by ...
... coronal, and horizontal cross-sections. Within each view a variety of standard color-coding algorithms was invoked to assign colors to the numerical values of the images, and each view could be independently magnified and translated. The current positions of the crosssectional planes were chosen by ...
Learned Helplessness at Fifty: Insights From Neuroscience
... in the hammock to press a panel with their noses to turn off each shock. The second group is yoked to the ESC group. In this initial experiment, on each trial the yoked group subjects received the average duration of shock that the ESC group produced on each trial. However, in most subsequent experi ...
... in the hammock to press a panel with their noses to turn off each shock. The second group is yoked to the ESC group. In this initial experiment, on each trial the yoked group subjects received the average duration of shock that the ESC group produced on each trial. However, in most subsequent experi ...
Non-reward neural mechanisms in the orbitofrontal cortex
... visual discrimination reversal task. Importantly, at least some of these non-reward neurons continue firing for several seconds when an expected reward is not obtained, as illustrated in Fig. 1. These neurons do not respond when an expected punishment is received, for example the taste of salt from ...
... visual discrimination reversal task. Importantly, at least some of these non-reward neurons continue firing for several seconds when an expected reward is not obtained, as illustrated in Fig. 1. These neurons do not respond when an expected punishment is received, for example the taste of salt from ...
Behavioral consequences of abnormal cortical development
... the wiring for sensory integration and behavioral outputs. Simultaneously, cortical glial cells and the vascular network are maturing towards adult patterns. In rodents most of the synapses in the neocortex are formed and many intrinsic and extrinsic cortical connections are refined during the first ...
... the wiring for sensory integration and behavioral outputs. Simultaneously, cortical glial cells and the vascular network are maturing towards adult patterns. In rodents most of the synapses in the neocortex are formed and many intrinsic and extrinsic cortical connections are refined during the first ...
View PDF - MRC Brain Network Dynamics Unit
... sampled at 400 Hz. All biopotentials were digitized on-line with a PC running Spike2 acquisition and analysis software (version 4; Cambridge Electronic Design, Cambridge, UK). Data from the recording session were first scrutinized for ECG and respiration artifacts. LFP data contaminated with ECG art ...
... sampled at 400 Hz. All biopotentials were digitized on-line with a PC running Spike2 acquisition and analysis software (version 4; Cambridge Electronic Design, Cambridge, UK). Data from the recording session were first scrutinized for ECG and respiration artifacts. LFP data contaminated with ECG art ...
... used to identify and compare the brain activation during a reward/time discrimination paradigm. The paradigm also included distractors during the task, in order to evaluate attention processes. Our results from the Regions of interest (ROIs) analysis indicated decreased brain activation in left and ...
Towards the utilization of EEG as a brain imaging tool
... framework for the analysis of the signals. Instead of waveforms, the MEG community generally looks at the properties of the magnetic field outside the head and infers the sources and the temporal dynamics of these sources in the brain (Salmelin and Baillet, 2009; Williamson et al., 1991). It has been ...
... framework for the analysis of the signals. Instead of waveforms, the MEG community generally looks at the properties of the magnetic field outside the head and infers the sources and the temporal dynamics of these sources in the brain (Salmelin and Baillet, 2009; Williamson et al., 1991). It has been ...
Taste, olfactory, and food reward value processing
... The aims of this paper are to describe how taste, olfactory, and food texture inputs are processed in the brain, how a representation of reward value is produced and is related to subjective pleasure, how cognition and selective attention influence this value-related processing, and how decisions are ...
... The aims of this paper are to describe how taste, olfactory, and food texture inputs are processed in the brain, how a representation of reward value is produced and is related to subjective pleasure, how cognition and selective attention influence this value-related processing, and how decisions are ...
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... identification of multiple auditory cortical fields in most mammals studied. The number of fields identified ranges from 1 (in marsupials) to over 12 (in primates). In cats, a single primary auditory field (AI) is surrounded by several nonprimary auditory fields. In monkeys two or three primary fiel ...
... identification of multiple auditory cortical fields in most mammals studied. The number of fields identified ranges from 1 (in marsupials) to over 12 (in primates). In cats, a single primary auditory field (AI) is surrounded by several nonprimary auditory fields. In monkeys two or three primary fiel ...
Full Text - Anesth Pain Med
... can trigger CH attacks similar to spontaneous attacks, suggesting a role for NO in nociceptive processes (53). There is an obvious link between CGRP, vasodilatation and pain but its exact role during an attack is not yet very clear. While CGRP has a vasodilatory effect, SP and neurokinin A (NKA) inc ...
... can trigger CH attacks similar to spontaneous attacks, suggesting a role for NO in nociceptive processes (53). There is an obvious link between CGRP, vasodilatation and pain but its exact role during an attack is not yet very clear. While CGRP has a vasodilatory effect, SP and neurokinin A (NKA) inc ...
i BASAL GANGLIA PATHWAYS: BEYOND THE CLOSED
... characteristics of basements – viz. darkness.” - S. A. K. Wilson, 1925 “In biology, if seeking to understand function, it is usually a good idea to study structure.” – F. Crick & C. Koch, 2005 ...
... characteristics of basements – viz. darkness.” - S. A. K. Wilson, 1925 “In biology, if seeking to understand function, it is usually a good idea to study structure.” – F. Crick & C. Koch, 2005 ...
Kandel ch. 43 + Two review papers
... highly organized connections with virtually the entire cerebral cortex, as well as the hippocampus and amygdala. Finally, a wide range of motor and nonmotor behaviors have been correlated with activity in individual basal ganglia neurons in experimental animals and with metabolic activity in the bas ...
... highly organized connections with virtually the entire cerebral cortex, as well as the hippocampus and amygdala. Finally, a wide range of motor and nonmotor behaviors have been correlated with activity in individual basal ganglia neurons in experimental animals and with metabolic activity in the bas ...
Effort and Valuation in the Brain
... ⫺20 pence otherwise. Incorrect responses always led to 0 pence in the win and ⫺20 pence in the avoid loss condition. There was a jittered ITI between 0.75 and 1.5 s, before the next trial commenced. Thus in this task, the subjects made the exact same action (say low effort), but with very different ...
... ⫺20 pence otherwise. Incorrect responses always led to 0 pence in the win and ⫺20 pence in the avoid loss condition. There was a jittered ITI between 0.75 and 1.5 s, before the next trial commenced. Thus in this task, the subjects made the exact same action (say low effort), but with very different ...
Olfactory pathway
... the temporal lobe (uncus). Then to olfactory association cortex (anterior part of parahippocampal gyrus or entorinal area). The primary olfactory area and olfactory association cortex are referred to as the pyriform cortex. It is responsible for the appreciation of olfactory stimuli. ...
... the temporal lobe (uncus). Then to olfactory association cortex (anterior part of parahippocampal gyrus or entorinal area). The primary olfactory area and olfactory association cortex are referred to as the pyriform cortex. It is responsible for the appreciation of olfactory stimuli. ...
The role of the cerebellum in classical conditioning of
... (US). Most of the data that have been collected over the years are from studies of eyeblink conditioning; hence we focus on that response system here. To the extent tested, the cerebellum is involved in the same way for all striated muscle responses learned to deal with an aversive US (e.g. forelimb ...
... (US). Most of the data that have been collected over the years are from studies of eyeblink conditioning; hence we focus on that response system here. To the extent tested, the cerebellum is involved in the same way for all striated muscle responses learned to deal with an aversive US (e.g. forelimb ...
Primate amygdala neurons evaluate the progress of self
... was smaller compared to key release latencies and had a positive rather than negative direction. (We are cautious in interpreting saccadic reaction times, as touch key reactions were overall more directly related to the animals’ motivation: release of touch key was the final behavioral response on e ...
... was smaller compared to key release latencies and had a positive rather than negative direction. (We are cautious in interpreting saccadic reaction times, as touch key reactions were overall more directly related to the animals’ motivation: release of touch key was the final behavioral response on e ...
Retinotopic Organization and Functional Subdivisions of the Human
... Visual display. The stimuli were generated on a Macintosh G4 computer (Apple Computer, Cupertino, CA) using MATLAB software (The MathWorks, Natick, MA) and Psychophysics Toolbox functions (Brainard, 1997; Pelli, 1997) and were projected from a PowerLite 7250 liquid crystal display projector (Epson, ...
... Visual display. The stimuli were generated on a Macintosh G4 computer (Apple Computer, Cupertino, CA) using MATLAB software (The MathWorks, Natick, MA) and Psychophysics Toolbox functions (Brainard, 1997; Pelli, 1997) and were projected from a PowerLite 7250 liquid crystal display projector (Epson, ...
Separate neural pathways process different decision costs
... Given the results of experiment 1, which showed that providing further postsurgical experience of both options could ameliorate a decision-making deficit, we ran a second experiment (experiment 2.2) in which an identical 30-cm barrier was placed in the LRA. This meant that both the HRA and LRA conta ...
... Given the results of experiment 1, which showed that providing further postsurgical experience of both options could ameliorate a decision-making deficit, we ran a second experiment (experiment 2.2) in which an identical 30-cm barrier was placed in the LRA. This meant that both the HRA and LRA conta ...
Visual Adaptation: Physiology, Mechanisms, and Functional Benefits
... altered by adaptation. Recent studies have shown that how tuning is altered depends on the cortical area investigated and on the adaptation paradigm used. Early studies showed that V1 responses to preferred stimuli are reduced after adaptation with preferred but not opposite (“null”) or orthogonal s ...
... altered by adaptation. Recent studies have shown that how tuning is altered depends on the cortical area investigated and on the adaptation paradigm used. Early studies showed that V1 responses to preferred stimuli are reduced after adaptation with preferred but not opposite (“null”) or orthogonal s ...
Specialized prefrontal "auditory fields": organization of primate
... In the lateral prefrontal cortex, there is a graded increase in the density of auditory connections along the caudal to rostral axis (Figure 2; Barbas and Mesulam, 1985). Within the caudal lateral prefrontal cortex, auditory input is relatively restricted to specific domains of rostral dorsal area 8 ...
... In the lateral prefrontal cortex, there is a graded increase in the density of auditory connections along the caudal to rostral axis (Figure 2; Barbas and Mesulam, 1985). Within the caudal lateral prefrontal cortex, auditory input is relatively restricted to specific domains of rostral dorsal area 8 ...
Measuring Cortical Thickness - McConnell Brain Imaging Centre
... does to considerable extent eliminate the problems outlined for the jeweler’s eyepiece. This type of approach has to deal with three main issues: 1. Segmentation of the MR volume into its component tissue types (ususally white matter, grey matter, cortico-spinal fluid, and background). 2. Separation ...
... does to considerable extent eliminate the problems outlined for the jeweler’s eyepiece. This type of approach has to deal with three main issues: 1. Segmentation of the MR volume into its component tissue types (ususally white matter, grey matter, cortico-spinal fluid, and background). 2. Separation ...
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... The brain is constantly changing throughout every stage of life. It reorganizes continuously to adapt to environmental demands or endogenous changes (such as peripheral lesions). The plasticity of the nervous system has been refined over millions of years and expression of neural plasticity leads to ...
... The brain is constantly changing throughout every stage of life. It reorganizes continuously to adapt to environmental demands or endogenous changes (such as peripheral lesions). The plasticity of the nervous system has been refined over millions of years and expression of neural plasticity leads to ...
Somatosensory processes subserving perception and action
... suggests that the APC is important for the processing of simple somatosensory features related to both the stimulus and the part of the body that has been stimulated. Moreover, recent optical imaging of a tactile illusion suggests that the APC codes the perceived rather than physical location of per ...
... suggests that the APC is important for the processing of simple somatosensory features related to both the stimulus and the part of the body that has been stimulated. Moreover, recent optical imaging of a tactile illusion suggests that the APC codes the perceived rather than physical location of per ...
Cerebellar control of visceral responses–possible mechanisms
... function is studied, it is of utmost importance to have full control of and insight into the level of activity in both, the various efferent autonomical pathways and the subordinated effector systems. Otherwise the results are likely to be very confusing, apparently lacking all regularity and order. ...
... function is studied, it is of utmost importance to have full control of and insight into the level of activity in both, the various efferent autonomical pathways and the subordinated effector systems. Otherwise the results are likely to be very confusing, apparently lacking all regularity and order. ...
