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... However, the brain pays more attention to some stimuli—such as those that signal rewards or warn of potential threats—than to others. These stimuli receive extra attention because they activate a structure deep within the brain called the amygdala. The amygdala, which is named after the Greek word f ...
... However, the brain pays more attention to some stimuli—such as those that signal rewards or warn of potential threats—than to others. These stimuli receive extra attention because they activate a structure deep within the brain called the amygdala. The amygdala, which is named after the Greek word f ...
Functional Organization in the Motor Cortex
... BOLD signal is in fact sensitive to movement direction. In addition, a model was constructed to estimate cluster size. This model estimated that cluster diameter is several hundreds of microns, which is comparable to the cluster size estimated in other studies in monkey M1. Given these results, the ...
... BOLD signal is in fact sensitive to movement direction. In addition, a model was constructed to estimate cluster size. This model estimated that cluster diameter is several hundreds of microns, which is comparable to the cluster size estimated in other studies in monkey M1. Given these results, the ...
Barrel cortex function - Brain Research Institute
... question of ‘what’ is achieved by cortical processing will become increasingly important. For sensory systems this question is asked by studies on the physiology of perception (Parker and Newsome, 1998), involving simultaneous measurement of neuronal activity and the subject’s behavior and percept. ...
... question of ‘what’ is achieved by cortical processing will become increasingly important. For sensory systems this question is asked by studies on the physiology of perception (Parker and Newsome, 1998), involving simultaneous measurement of neuronal activity and the subject’s behavior and percept. ...
Okamoto Devel Neurbiol Review
... tion of neural circuits regulating monoaminergic systems. Fish and amphibian habenulae can be subdivided into dHb and vHb based on differences in cytoarchitecture (Braford and Northcutt, 1983; Kemali and Làzàr, 1985). The zebrafish dHb projects to the IPN (Aizawa et al., 2005; Gamse et al., 2005) a ...
... tion of neural circuits regulating monoaminergic systems. Fish and amphibian habenulae can be subdivided into dHb and vHb based on differences in cytoarchitecture (Braford and Northcutt, 1983; Kemali and Làzàr, 1985). The zebrafish dHb projects to the IPN (Aizawa et al., 2005; Gamse et al., 2005) a ...
A quantitative link between face discrimination deficits and neuronal
... In contrast, fMRI adaptation techniques have been shown to be able to more directly probe neuronal selectivity than conventional methods relying on average BOLD-contrast stimulus responses (Grill-Spector et al., 2006). The fMRI rapid adaptation technique (fMRI-RA) is motivated by findings from monkey ...
... In contrast, fMRI adaptation techniques have been shown to be able to more directly probe neuronal selectivity than conventional methods relying on average BOLD-contrast stimulus responses (Grill-Spector et al., 2006). The fMRI rapid adaptation technique (fMRI-RA) is motivated by findings from monkey ...
Olfactory pathway
... the temporal lobe (uncus). Then to olfactory association cortex (anterior part of parahippocampal gyrus or entorinal area). The primary olfactory area and olfactory association cortex are referred to as the pyriform cortex. It is responsible for the appreciation of olfactory stimuli. ...
... the temporal lobe (uncus). Then to olfactory association cortex (anterior part of parahippocampal gyrus or entorinal area). The primary olfactory area and olfactory association cortex are referred to as the pyriform cortex. It is responsible for the appreciation of olfactory stimuli. ...
Anatomy of Neuropsychiatry : The New Anatomy of the
... from a need to unite our knowledge of brain function and structure with clinical observations. The task is to enable an integration of brain-behavior relationships which not only makes sense but which also has practical application in treating a spectrum of neurological and psychiatric disorders. Th ...
... from a need to unite our knowledge of brain function and structure with clinical observations. The task is to enable an integration of brain-behavior relationships which not only makes sense but which also has practical application in treating a spectrum of neurological and psychiatric disorders. Th ...
Encoding of conditioned fear in central amygdala inhibitory circuits
... thought of as the primary site where associations between the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditioned stimulus (US) are formed and stored1–5. In contrast to the lateral nucleus of the amygdala (LA), the central nucleus of the amygdala (CEA) has been considered to be primarily involved in the ...
... thought of as the primary site where associations between the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditioned stimulus (US) are formed and stored1–5. In contrast to the lateral nucleus of the amygdala (LA), the central nucleus of the amygdala (CEA) has been considered to be primarily involved in the ...
Morphine effects on monetary reward - DUO
... A number of cortical and subcortical brain regions have been implicated in reward processes (see Figure 1). An influential early contribution to the field of affective neuroscience came from electrophysiology studies in the 1950s. Using intracranial electrodes, Olds and Milner (1954) found evidence ...
... A number of cortical and subcortical brain regions have been implicated in reward processes (see Figure 1). An influential early contribution to the field of affective neuroscience came from electrophysiology studies in the 1950s. Using intracranial electrodes, Olds and Milner (1954) found evidence ...
Neurobiological Mechanisms of the Placebo Effect
... ethical implications, because the use of inactive (placebo) conditions in clinical trials when effective treatments are available has created an ethical controversy. However, it has been well documented that placebo effects can obscure those of active conditions, even for treatments that were eventu ...
... ethical implications, because the use of inactive (placebo) conditions in clinical trials when effective treatments are available has created an ethical controversy. However, it has been well documented that placebo effects can obscure those of active conditions, even for treatments that were eventu ...
Non-reward neural mechanisms in the orbitofrontal cortex
... treat epilepsy, tumours, etc.), it was found that they were severely impaired at the reversal task, in that they accumulated less money (Hornak et al., 2004). These patients often ...
... treat epilepsy, tumours, etc.), it was found that they were severely impaired at the reversal task, in that they accumulated less money (Hornak et al., 2004). These patients often ...
the organization of behavioral repertoire in motor cortex
... control is studied by examining simple components of movements. This review, however, argues that much greater insight can be gained about specific mechanisms when the motor system is considered in the context of meaningful behavior. The animal’s behavioral repertoire is diverse, different behaviors ...
... control is studied by examining simple components of movements. This review, however, argues that much greater insight can be gained about specific mechanisms when the motor system is considered in the context of meaningful behavior. The animal’s behavioral repertoire is diverse, different behaviors ...
Neuroimaging and neuropsychological findings in
... neuropsychological testing and deficits associated with the disorder. Emphasizing both the neural and cognitive developmental processes within the pediatric population, these findings are examined and critiqued within a developmental framework. Cognitive neuroscience approaches, including neuroimagi ...
... neuropsychological testing and deficits associated with the disorder. Emphasizing both the neural and cognitive developmental processes within the pediatric population, these findings are examined and critiqued within a developmental framework. Cognitive neuroscience approaches, including neuroimagi ...
Rules Ventral Prefrontal Cortical Axons Use to Reach Their Targets
... bundles into their components (Croxson et al., 2005; Makris et al., 2005; Schmahmann et al., 2007). Segmentation of the superior longitudinal fasciculus in humans, for example, was based on data from monkeys (Makris et al., 2005). Together, DTI and primate tracing studies constitute a powerful appro ...
... bundles into their components (Croxson et al., 2005; Makris et al., 2005; Schmahmann et al., 2007). Segmentation of the superior longitudinal fasciculus in humans, for example, was based on data from monkeys (Makris et al., 2005). Together, DTI and primate tracing studies constitute a powerful appro ...
Column-Based Model of Electric Field Excitation of Cerebral Cortex
... the observed responses were measured using software developed in-house for image-based TMS delivery (TMS Planning Tool). For TMS-induced responses, the E field at the response site was computed using a 3D model of the field. Group SPI(z) were created separately for the seven subjects showing a TMS-ind ...
... the observed responses were measured using software developed in-house for image-based TMS delivery (TMS Planning Tool). For TMS-induced responses, the E field at the response site was computed using a 3D model of the field. Group SPI(z) were created separately for the seven subjects showing a TMS-ind ...
A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study to
... of common brain regions were activated including: ACC, thalamus, insula, prefrontal and parietal cortices. Consistent amygdala and insula hyperactivity has been shown in a range of anxiety disorders and in fear conditioning in healthy subjects, which is interpreted to reflect exaggerated engagement ...
... of common brain regions were activated including: ACC, thalamus, insula, prefrontal and parietal cortices. Consistent amygdala and insula hyperactivity has been shown in a range of anxiety disorders and in fear conditioning in healthy subjects, which is interpreted to reflect exaggerated engagement ...
The Organization of Behavioral Repertoire in Motor Cortex
... studied by examining simple components of movements. This review, however, argues that much greater insight can be gained about specific mechanisms when the motor system is considered in the context of meaningful behavior. The animal’s behavioral repertoire is diverse, different behaviors require dif ...
... studied by examining simple components of movements. This review, however, argues that much greater insight can be gained about specific mechanisms when the motor system is considered in the context of meaningful behavior. The animal’s behavioral repertoire is diverse, different behaviors require dif ...
Kaczkurkin_umn_0130E_14221
... conditioning in animals and humans (Lissek et al, 2005). As a result of this renewed interest, there have been a number of studies in recent years on fear conditioning in anxiety patients. This chapter will provide an integrative review of fear-conditioning theories and research related to specific ...
... conditioning in animals and humans (Lissek et al, 2005). As a result of this renewed interest, there have been a number of studies in recent years on fear conditioning in anxiety patients. This chapter will provide an integrative review of fear-conditioning theories and research related to specific ...
The Neuroscientist
... invariant coding within single neurons may give rise to this perceptual independence. Thus, an ideal space-selective neuron should be capable of providing spatial information when presented with a range of different sounds in just the same way a human listener can. Providing evidence that a neuron’s ...
... invariant coding within single neurons may give rise to this perceptual independence. Thus, an ideal space-selective neuron should be capable of providing spatial information when presented with a range of different sounds in just the same way a human listener can. Providing evidence that a neuron’s ...
Basal Forebrain Cholinergic System Is Involved in Rapid Nerve
... height and areal extent of whisker evoked activity in the somatosensory cortex (Prakash et al. 1996b). Our previous histological results suggested that NGF’s site of action is not directly on the neurons within the somatosensory cortex but rather on projections originating outside it. Given that BFC ...
... height and areal extent of whisker evoked activity in the somatosensory cortex (Prakash et al. 1996b). Our previous histological results suggested that NGF’s site of action is not directly on the neurons within the somatosensory cortex but rather on projections originating outside it. Given that BFC ...
Is the Lateral Septum's Inhibitory Influence on the Amygdala Mediated... GABA-ergic Neurons? Mason Austin
... conclusions about the anxiety system as a whole. Before one can do that, one would have to subject the amygdala itself to a battery of tests to see whether it is necessary for anxiogenesis and whether it conforms to other models of anxiety. One approach in this pursuit has been to examine how electr ...
... conclusions about the anxiety system as a whole. Before one can do that, one would have to subject the amygdala itself to a battery of tests to see whether it is necessary for anxiogenesis and whether it conforms to other models of anxiety. One approach in this pursuit has been to examine how electr ...
Topography of Visual Cortex Connections with Frontal Eye Field in
... because information about both object identity and spatial location must be combined to produce accurate eye movements. During natural viewing, saccades of less than IO” amplitude, which are by far the most common (Bahill et al., 1975), direct gaze to conspicuous and informative features in the scen ...
... because information about both object identity and spatial location must be combined to produce accurate eye movements. During natural viewing, saccades of less than IO” amplitude, which are by far the most common (Bahill et al., 1975), direct gaze to conspicuous and informative features in the scen ...
Analysis of Connectivity in the Cat Cerebral Cortex
... by Cavada and Reinoso-Suarez (1985). It was supplemented by maps for the auditory system taken from Imig and Reale (1980) for areas 4, 5, and 6 from Avendano and Rausell (1988) for the parahippocampal regions from Room and Groenewegen (1986a,b) and Krettek and Price (1977a,b), and for the visual sys ...
... by Cavada and Reinoso-Suarez (1985). It was supplemented by maps for the auditory system taken from Imig and Reale (1980) for areas 4, 5, and 6 from Avendano and Rausell (1988) for the parahippocampal regions from Room and Groenewegen (1986a,b) and Krettek and Price (1977a,b), and for the visual sys ...
Everitt et al. (2000) in The Amygdala - Rudolf Cardinal
... There is perhaps a tendency to assume that the amygdala alone is involved in associations between environmental stimuli and reinforcing events, especially in studies of aversive conditioning. However, not only is it clear that some forms of fear-motivated learning, such as aversive eye-blink conditi ...
... There is perhaps a tendency to assume that the amygdala alone is involved in associations between environmental stimuli and reinforcing events, especially in studies of aversive conditioning. However, not only is it clear that some forms of fear-motivated learning, such as aversive eye-blink conditi ...
Cortisol modifies extinction learning of recently acquired fear in men
... intensity was set individually using a gradually increasing procedure to achieve an ‘unpleasant but not painful’ level of sensation. The conditioning experiment consisted of an acquisition and an extinction phase (Figure 1A). The conditioning procedure was adapted from prior studies in our laborator ...
... intensity was set individually using a gradually increasing procedure to achieve an ‘unpleasant but not painful’ level of sensation. The conditioning experiment consisted of an acquisition and an extinction phase (Figure 1A). The conditioning procedure was adapted from prior studies in our laborator ...