comparative characterization of porins from salmonella typhio
... elution profile was observed when porins from S. typhimurium Ra-30 were eluted under similar conditions (Fig. 1 b). The extent of purity of the porin preparation at different purification steps was cross-checked with SDS PAGE using 10% gel. The porins were resolved onto this gel under reduced and n ...
... elution profile was observed when porins from S. typhimurium Ra-30 were eluted under similar conditions (Fig. 1 b). The extent of purity of the porin preparation at different purification steps was cross-checked with SDS PAGE using 10% gel. The porins were resolved onto this gel under reduced and n ...
Microsoft Word
... diseases (reviewed in Ref. 2, 3). TPO autoantibodies are detected in almost all patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and in 75% of patients with Graves’ disease [4]. There is some evidence that these antibodies mediate damage of thyroid follicular cells by activation of the complement cascade and/o ...
... diseases (reviewed in Ref. 2, 3). TPO autoantibodies are detected in almost all patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and in 75% of patients with Graves’ disease [4]. There is some evidence that these antibodies mediate damage of thyroid follicular cells by activation of the complement cascade and/o ...
The Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
... Figure 2.7 CNT-based treatment of MCF7 cancer cell using NIR dosing (a) survival of the cells treated with nanotube attached to non-specific antibody complexe (b) destruction of the cells treated with nanotube attached with specific antibody (anti-IGF1-HER2) complex (Shao et al., ...
... Figure 2.7 CNT-based treatment of MCF7 cancer cell using NIR dosing (a) survival of the cells treated with nanotube attached to non-specific antibody complexe (b) destruction of the cells treated with nanotube attached with specific antibody (anti-IGF1-HER2) complex (Shao et al., ...
host susceptibility to rotavirus infection and
... residues (12), but the role of subterminal sialic acid in infection with rotaviruses has not been demonstrated. The lack of a defined receptor for the sialidaseinsensitive rotaviruses has prompted further studies. The type 1 chain histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) are expressed in several cell type ...
... residues (12), but the role of subterminal sialic acid in infection with rotaviruses has not been demonstrated. The lack of a defined receptor for the sialidaseinsensitive rotaviruses has prompted further studies. The type 1 chain histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) are expressed in several cell type ...
Assessing Bacterial Interactions Using Carbohydrate-Based
... Carbohydrates play a crucial role in a wide variety of biological processes such as cell-cell recognition, metastasis, immune system mediation and function, intracellular trafficking and progression of many diseases including cancer [1,2]. They are also critically important in host-microorganism int ...
... Carbohydrates play a crucial role in a wide variety of biological processes such as cell-cell recognition, metastasis, immune system mediation and function, intracellular trafficking and progression of many diseases including cancer [1,2]. They are also critically important in host-microorganism int ...
A monoclonal antibody against a carbohydrate
... chronic diseases in animals and humans (Moulder, 1991; Byrne and Ojcius, 2004; Campbell and Kuo, 2004). Chlamydia trachomatis, Chlamydophila psittaci, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, and Chlamydophila pecorum are the most frequently found four species of the family Chlamydiaceae (Everett, 2000). Like othe ...
... chronic diseases in animals and humans (Moulder, 1991; Byrne and Ojcius, 2004; Campbell and Kuo, 2004). Chlamydia trachomatis, Chlamydophila psittaci, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, and Chlamydophila pecorum are the most frequently found four species of the family Chlamydiaceae (Everett, 2000). Like othe ...
PCNA Protein Expression during Spermatogenesis of the
... used antibodies that recognized different epitopes of eel PCNA (amino acids 100-120, 180-197, and 242-260) and rat recombinant PCNA (amino acids 112-121 and 181-195). All of the antibodies used in this study recognized the same two bands (36- and 32-kDa) in the testis 15 days after hCG injection (da ...
... used antibodies that recognized different epitopes of eel PCNA (amino acids 100-120, 180-197, and 242-260) and rat recombinant PCNA (amino acids 112-121 and 181-195). All of the antibodies used in this study recognized the same two bands (36- and 32-kDa) in the testis 15 days after hCG injection (da ...
Structures Common to Different Glycans ...tials of Glycobiology
... individuals of the A2 subgroup. The molecular structures of A1 and A2 subgroup antigens are distinct (Figure 13.9). These structural differences reflect the different catalytic activities of the A transferases encoded by the A1 and A2 alleles. The heritable red cell antigenic polymorphisms determine ...
... individuals of the A2 subgroup. The molecular structures of A1 and A2 subgroup antigens are distinct (Figure 13.9). These structural differences reflect the different catalytic activities of the A transferases encoded by the A1 and A2 alleles. The heritable red cell antigenic polymorphisms determine ...
Vaccination with recombinant fusion proteins incorporating Toll
... lar mechanisms governing the regulation of the host immune response. Janeway originally postulated that the recognition of pathogens by the host was mediated by specific receptors on the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC) [9]. This hypothesis has now been supported by the identification of 11 ...
... lar mechanisms governing the regulation of the host immune response. Janeway originally postulated that the recognition of pathogens by the host was mediated by specific receptors on the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC) [9]. This hypothesis has now been supported by the identification of 11 ...
Metabolism of Tac - The Journal of Experimental Medicine
... studies. It exists in vivo as a transmembrane complete molecule (TM-Tac) on cell surfaces and as a truncated soluble form (sTac; slL2Rot), sTac has been used as a serum marker o f T cell activation in immune disorders and of tumor burden in Tac-expressing malignancies. In vivo, serum levels o f all ...
... studies. It exists in vivo as a transmembrane complete molecule (TM-Tac) on cell surfaces and as a truncated soluble form (sTac; slL2Rot), sTac has been used as a serum marker o f T cell activation in immune disorders and of tumor burden in Tac-expressing malignancies. In vivo, serum levels o f all ...
Differential Regulation of a-Lactalbumin and
... and lactation. Casein mRNA levels in the glands rose continuously, increasing 20-fold from Day 5 of pregnancy a-Lactalbuminand Casein mRNA in Pregnantand Lac to Day 15 of lactation (Chart 9A). The important of hormonal tating Glands.Total mRNAwasisolatedfrom rat mammary control of casein mRNA is sug ...
... and lactation. Casein mRNA levels in the glands rose continuously, increasing 20-fold from Day 5 of pregnancy a-Lactalbuminand Casein mRNA in Pregnantand Lac to Day 15 of lactation (Chart 9A). The important of hormonal tating Glands.Total mRNAwasisolatedfrom rat mammary control of casein mRNA is sug ...
... with protective antibodies of certain immunoglobulin classes and subclasses. This thesis addressed the importance of antibodies in relation to malaria infection and their effective interactions with Fc gamma receptor IIa (FcγRIIa) polymorphisms in individuals residing where malaria is endemic. Our d ...
Autoantibodies against Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor on
... Later, the agonistic activity displayed by these autoantibodies induces desensitization, internalization and/or intracellular degradation of the mAChR, leading to a progressive decrease of cerebral M1 and M3mAChR expression and activity. Furthermore, IgG antibodies binding to mAChRs modify spare rec ...
... Later, the agonistic activity displayed by these autoantibodies induces desensitization, internalization and/or intracellular degradation of the mAChR, leading to a progressive decrease of cerebral M1 and M3mAChR expression and activity. Furthermore, IgG antibodies binding to mAChRs modify spare rec ...
Immunology and Evolution of Infectious Disease
... I start at the most basic level, the nature of binding and recognition between host and parasite molecules. I summarize the many different ways in which parasites generate new variants in order to escape molecular recognition. Next, I build up the individual molecular interactions into the dynamics o ...
... I start at the most basic level, the nature of binding and recognition between host and parasite molecules. I summarize the many different ways in which parasites generate new variants in order to escape molecular recognition. Next, I build up the individual molecular interactions into the dynamics o ...
and Fibrinogen-Dependent Mechanisms Contribute to Platelet
... GPIIb/IIIa occurs via a fibrinogen bridge. Resting GPIIb/IIIa is able to bind fibrinogen coating the bacterium, as it resembles fibrinogen bound to a surface. One end of the bivalent fibrinogen molecule is bound at the ␥ chain by ClfA, while the other ␥ chain is free to interact with GPIIb/IIIa (9, ...
... GPIIb/IIIa occurs via a fibrinogen bridge. Resting GPIIb/IIIa is able to bind fibrinogen coating the bacterium, as it resembles fibrinogen bound to a surface. One end of the bivalent fibrinogen molecule is bound at the ␥ chain by ClfA, while the other ␥ chain is free to interact with GPIIb/IIIa (9, ...
Atypical serological profiles in hepatitis B virus infection Robério A
... and still inhibit anti-HBc antibody production when it is present in the serum. As mentioned earlier, it is possible that agent-related factors can also justify the anti-HBc non-production by the host and contribute to the expression of this serological profile. Among them include infection by HBV w ...
... and still inhibit anti-HBc antibody production when it is present in the serum. As mentioned earlier, it is possible that agent-related factors can also justify the anti-HBc non-production by the host and contribute to the expression of this serological profile. Among them include infection by HBV w ...
Structure-Based Prediction of Asparagine and Aspartate
... (Figure 1) [4,6,39]. Succinimide results from deamidation of Asn or dehydration of Asp by nucleophilic attack of the backbone ...
... (Figure 1) [4,6,39]. Succinimide results from deamidation of Asn or dehydration of Asp by nucleophilic attack of the backbone ...
full text pdf
... Not able to multiply and enter into host cells [9] Require multiple doses to elicit an adequate immune response [9] Prepared by repeated passage Ability to multiply within Probability of causing disease in of pathogen in culture to the host and closely mimic immunocompromised individuals render micr ...
... Not able to multiply and enter into host cells [9] Require multiple doses to elicit an adequate immune response [9] Prepared by repeated passage Ability to multiply within Probability of causing disease in of pathogen in culture to the host and closely mimic immunocompromised individuals render micr ...
10276005
... IgA and IgG for a longer duration of 3 months and 6 months, respectively, whereas these responses were relatively short-lived for the child vaccinees. The response to vaccination was also assessed by using the vibriocidal antibody assay. It was found that adult vaccinees developed high vibriocidal r ...
... IgA and IgG for a longer duration of 3 months and 6 months, respectively, whereas these responses were relatively short-lived for the child vaccinees. The response to vaccination was also assessed by using the vibriocidal antibody assay. It was found that adult vaccinees developed high vibriocidal r ...
Antibodies Targeting Hsa and PadA Prevent Platelet - Serval
... platelets from the high shear stress experienced in the bloodstream, is then followed by the interaction of PadA with the platelet receptor GPIIIII␣, which promotes firm bacterium-platelet adhesion and ultimately leads to platelet aggregation (21, 22). Due to their role in platelet aggregation, Hsa ...
... platelets from the high shear stress experienced in the bloodstream, is then followed by the interaction of PadA with the platelet receptor GPIIIII␣, which promotes firm bacterium-platelet adhesion and ultimately leads to platelet aggregation (21, 22). Due to their role in platelet aggregation, Hsa ...
immunology syllabus 2013 - The University of Texas Medical School
... implications and principles of the case. Describe in as much detail as possible the normal immune mechanisms to combat this infectious agent and how they affect the course of infection (e.g. Macrophages phagocytose and process the antigen and present antigen fragments in association with MHC Class I ...
... implications and principles of the case. Describe in as much detail as possible the normal immune mechanisms to combat this infectious agent and how they affect the course of infection (e.g. Macrophages phagocytose and process the antigen and present antigen fragments in association with MHC Class I ...
Chemical basis of ABO subgroups
... Svensson L, Bindila L, Ångström J, Samuelsson B. E, Breimer M.E, Rydberg L, Henry S. M (2011) The structural basis of blood group Arelated glycolipids in an A3 red cell phenotype and a potential explanation to a serological phenomena. Glycobiology vol. 21 no. 2:162174 ...
... Svensson L, Bindila L, Ångström J, Samuelsson B. E, Breimer M.E, Rydberg L, Henry S. M (2011) The structural basis of blood group Arelated glycolipids in an A3 red cell phenotype and a potential explanation to a serological phenomena. Glycobiology vol. 21 no. 2:162174 ...
Chapter 13 - IARC Publications
... from haematopoietic stem cells to the various mature forms. Targets that identify all the cells in a lineage and do not appear in any other types of cells are called lineage specific markers; they are relatively scarce compared to targets that are found in various states of differentiation among mor ...
... from haematopoietic stem cells to the various mature forms. Targets that identify all the cells in a lineage and do not appear in any other types of cells are called lineage specific markers; they are relatively scarce compared to targets that are found in various states of differentiation among mor ...
The Origins, Specificity, and Potential Biological
... as rheumatoid factor, or those directed against the variable regions, known as anti-idiotype autoantibodies. Over the years, another class of anti-immunoglobulin autoantibody has been described: those that bind specifically to proteolytically exposed epitopes containing C-terminal amino acid residue ...
... as rheumatoid factor, or those directed against the variable regions, known as anti-idiotype autoantibodies. Over the years, another class of anti-immunoglobulin autoantibody has been described: those that bind specifically to proteolytically exposed epitopes containing C-terminal amino acid residue ...
Hyaluronic acid influence on platelet-induced airway smooth muscle cell proliferation
... Hyaluronic acid (HA) is one of the main components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and is expressed throughout the body including the lung and mostly in areas surrounding proliferating and migrating cells. Furthermore, platelets have been implicated as important players in the airway remodeling pr ...
... Hyaluronic acid (HA) is one of the main components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and is expressed throughout the body including the lung and mostly in areas surrounding proliferating and migrating cells. Furthermore, platelets have been implicated as important players in the airway remodeling pr ...
Antibody
An antibody (Ab), also known as an immunoglobulin (Ig), is a large, Y-shape protein produced by plasma cells that is used by the immune system to identify and neutralize pathogens such as bacteria and viruses. The antibody recognizes a unique molecule of the harmful agent, called an antigen, via the variable region. Each tip of the ""Y"" of an antibody contains a paratope (analogous to a lock) that is specific for one particular epitope (similarly analogous to a key) on an antigen, allowing these two structures to bind together with precision. Using this binding mechanism, an antibody can tag a microbe or an infected cell for attack by other parts of the immune system, or can neutralize its target directly (for example, by blocking a part of a microbe that is essential for its invasion and survival). The ability of an antibody to communicate with the other components of the immune system is mediated via its Fc region (located at the base of the ""Y""), which contains a conserved glycosylation site involved in these interactions. The production of antibodies is the main function of the humoral immune system.Antibodies are secreted by cells of the adaptive immune system (B cells), and more specifically, differentiated B cells called plasma cells. Antibodies can occur in two physical forms, a soluble form that is secreted from the cell, and a membrane-bound form that is attached to the surface of a B cell and is referred to as the B cell receptor (BCR). The BCR is found only on the surface of B cells and facilitates the activation of these cells and their subsequent differentiation into either antibody factories called plasma cells or memory B cells that will survive in the body and remember that same antigen so the B cells can respond faster upon future exposure. In most cases, interaction of the B cell with a T helper cell is necessary to produce full activation of the B cell and, therefore, antibody generation following antigen binding. Soluble antibodies are released into the blood and tissue fluids, as well as many secretions to continue to survey for invading microorganisms.Antibodies are glycoproteins belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily; the terms antibody and immunoglobulin are often used interchangeably. Though strictly speaking, an antibody is not the same as an immunoglobulin; B cells can produce two types of immunoglobulins - surface immunoglobulins, which are B cell receptors; and secreted immunoglobulins, which are antibodies. So antibodies are one of two classes of immunoglobulins. Antibodies are typically made of basic structural units—each with two large heavy chains and two small light chains. There are several different types of antibody heavy chains based on five different types of crystallisable fragments (Fc) that may be attached to the antigen-binding fragments. The five different types of Fc regions allow antibodies to be grouped into five isotypes. Each Fc region of a particular antibody isotype is able to bind to its specific Fc Receptor (except for IgD, which is essentially the BCR), thus allowing the antigen-antibody complex to mediate different roles depending on which FcR it binds. The ability of an antibody to bind to its corresponding FcR is further modulated by the structure of the glycan(s) present at conserved sites within its Fc region. The ability of antibodies to bind to FcRs helps to direct the appropriate immune response for each different type of foreign object they encounter. For example, IgE is responsible for an allergic response consisting of mast cell degranulation and histamine release. IgE's Fab paratope binds to allergic antigen, for example house dust mite particles, while its Fc region binds to Fc receptor ε. The allergen-IgE-FcRε interaction mediates allergic signal transduction to induce conditions such as asthma. Though the general structure of all antibodies is very similar, a small region at the tip of the protein is extremely variable, allowing millions of antibodies with slightly different tip structures, or antigen-binding sites, to exist. This region is known as the hypervariable region. Each of these variants can bind to a different antigen. This enormous diversity of antibody paratopes on the antigen-binding fragments allows the immune system to recognize an equally wide variety of antigens. The large and diverse population of antibody paratope is generated by random recombination events of a set of gene segments that encode different antigen-binding sites (or paratopes), followed by random mutations in this area of the antibody gene, which create further diversity. This recombinational process that produces clonal antibody paratope diversity is called V(D)J or VJ recombination. Basically, the antibody paratope is polygenic, made up of three genes, V, D, and J. Each paratope locus is also polymorphic, such that during antibody production, one allele of V, one of D, and one of J is chosen. These gene segments are then joined together using random genetic recombination to produce the paratope. The regions where the genes are randomly recombined together is the hyper variable region used to recognise different antigens on a clonal basis. Antibody genes also re-organize in a process called class switching that changes the one type of heavy chain Fc fragment to another, creating a different isotype of the antibody that retains the antigen-specific variable region. This allows a single antibody to be used by different types of Fc receptors, expressed on different parts of the immune system.