Antibodies and IL-3 support helminth-induced basophil
... unknown. We have found a unique role for isotype-switched antibodies in promoting helminth-induced basophil production following infection of mice with Heligmosomoides polygyrus bakeri or Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. H. polygyrus bakeri-induced basophil expansion was found to occur within the bone ...
... unknown. We have found a unique role for isotype-switched antibodies in promoting helminth-induced basophil production following infection of mice with Heligmosomoides polygyrus bakeri or Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. H. polygyrus bakeri-induced basophil expansion was found to occur within the bone ...
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)
... The duration of graft survival follows the order, xeno- < allo- < iso- = auto- graft. The time of rejection also depends on the antigenic disparity between the donors and recipient. MHC antigens are the major contributors in rejection, but the minor histocompatibility antigens also play a role. Reje ...
... The duration of graft survival follows the order, xeno- < allo- < iso- = auto- graft. The time of rejection also depends on the antigenic disparity between the donors and recipient. MHC antigens are the major contributors in rejection, but the minor histocompatibility antigens also play a role. Reje ...
O A RIGINAL RTICLES
... primarily as the sentinels of the innate immune system. Exposure to small numbers of pneumococci in the airways results in the production of low, sub-cytolytic concentrations of pneumolysin, which induce production of the potent neutrophil chemoattractant, interleukin-8 (IL-8), by airway epithelium ...
... primarily as the sentinels of the innate immune system. Exposure to small numbers of pneumococci in the airways results in the production of low, sub-cytolytic concentrations of pneumolysin, which induce production of the potent neutrophil chemoattractant, interleukin-8 (IL-8), by airway epithelium ...
Advanced Tests
... • 3. Severe reduction in serum IgG and IgA with increased IgM and normal numbers of B cells (a) AID deficiency(b) UNG deficiency • 4. Isotype or light chain deficiencies with normal numbers of B cells (a) Ig heavy chain deletions (b) κ Chain deficiency (c) Isolated IgG subclass deficiency (d) IgA wi ...
... • 3. Severe reduction in serum IgG and IgA with increased IgM and normal numbers of B cells (a) AID deficiency(b) UNG deficiency • 4. Isotype or light chain deficiencies with normal numbers of B cells (a) Ig heavy chain deletions (b) κ Chain deficiency (c) Isolated IgG subclass deficiency (d) IgA wi ...
... resistance to infections also involve the individual’s response to non-infectious foreign substances 1. However, mechanisms that normally protect individuals from infections and eliminate foreign substances are themselves capable of causing tissue injury and disease in some situations. Therefore, a ...
Full-Text PDF
... longer affinity maturation process than do Abs elicited by other viruses, with the result that protective Abs usually appear only after about two years [28]. It is not possible during such a long Ab maturation process to use the structure-based RV approach since it is not clear which of the many int ...
... longer affinity maturation process than do Abs elicited by other viruses, with the result that protective Abs usually appear only after about two years [28]. It is not possible during such a long Ab maturation process to use the structure-based RV approach since it is not clear which of the many int ...
Differentiation of Troponin in Cardiac and Skeletal Muscles in
... whether embryonic TN components are compatible with the presence of two types of distinct TN components corresponding to those formed in adult skeletal and cardiac muscles, or with the presence of one or more unique embryonic TN component(s) cross-reacting with antibodies to TN components of adult m ...
... whether embryonic TN components are compatible with the presence of two types of distinct TN components corresponding to those formed in adult skeletal and cardiac muscles, or with the presence of one or more unique embryonic TN component(s) cross-reacting with antibodies to TN components of adult m ...
Department of Immunology, the Wenner-Gren Institute Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden Doctoral thesis
... Ju mer man tänker, desto mer inser man att det inte finns något enkelt svar. Nalle Puh – AA Milne ...
... Ju mer man tänker, desto mer inser man att det inte finns något enkelt svar. Nalle Puh – AA Milne ...
Consensus Recommendations for the use of Immunoglobulin Replacement Therapy in Immune Deficiency
... The region is the world’s most populated area with over 4 billion residents (over 60% of the world population). Certainly, a large number of patients with immune deficiency, particularly with B cell defects, exist in this region of the world. Treatment of patients with such disorders has been proble ...
... The region is the world’s most populated area with over 4 billion residents (over 60% of the world population). Certainly, a large number of patients with immune deficiency, particularly with B cell defects, exist in this region of the world. Treatment of patients with such disorders has been proble ...
Anti-Rat Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor (CNTF) Developed in Goat IgG
... neurons.1 Rat CNTF was initially purified from rat sciatic nerve extract.1 The rat CNTF coding domain consists of one intron. 1 The amino acid sequence of rat CNTF has 85% homology to human and rabbit CNTF.1 Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor (CNTF) is produced in E. coli by a DNA sequence encoding the rat ...
... neurons.1 Rat CNTF was initially purified from rat sciatic nerve extract.1 The rat CNTF coding domain consists of one intron. 1 The amino acid sequence of rat CNTF has 85% homology to human and rabbit CNTF.1 Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor (CNTF) is produced in E. coli by a DNA sequence encoding the rat ...
Locally delivered polyclonal antibodies potentiate the efficacy
... intrinsically at risk for nosocomial infections. Combination therapies comprising multiple intravenous antibiotics alone, or in tandem with either intravenous immunoglobulins or local antibiotics, have all been used to improve efficacy against clinical infections. We now report that pooled human imm ...
... intrinsically at risk for nosocomial infections. Combination therapies comprising multiple intravenous antibiotics alone, or in tandem with either intravenous immunoglobulins or local antibiotics, have all been used to improve efficacy against clinical infections. We now report that pooled human imm ...
Fundamentals of Immunology
... a. Primary organs are where cells divide, decide on a developmental fate and, if part of the plan, rearrange genes. b. Secondary organs are site of co-ordination of information about pathogens and the subsequent activation of cells. 2. Innate versus adaptive cells: innate cells don’t rearrange genes ...
... a. Primary organs are where cells divide, decide on a developmental fate and, if part of the plan, rearrange genes. b. Secondary organs are site of co-ordination of information about pathogens and the subsequent activation of cells. 2. Innate versus adaptive cells: innate cells don’t rearrange genes ...
B cell fate following immunization: from memory B cells to plasma cells
... understood. Thus, a better understanding of how to modulate Env-induced responses by using different immunogens, immunization regimens and adjuvants is needed. In this thesis, I used rhesus macaques to investigate several of these questions. ...
... understood. Thus, a better understanding of how to modulate Env-induced responses by using different immunogens, immunization regimens and adjuvants is needed. In this thesis, I used rhesus macaques to investigate several of these questions. ...
Artificial Immune Systems: An Emerging Technology
... Multiple layers of the immune system Pathogens ...
... Multiple layers of the immune system Pathogens ...
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and myocarditis: Classification
... younger adults, is characterized by dilatation and impaired contraction of the left or both ventricles; it may be idiopathic, familial/genetic (20-30%), viral, and/or immune. On endomyocardial biopsy there is chronic inflammation in 30-40% of cases. Mutations in genes encoding myocyte structural pro ...
... younger adults, is characterized by dilatation and impaired contraction of the left or both ventricles; it may be idiopathic, familial/genetic (20-30%), viral, and/or immune. On endomyocardial biopsy there is chronic inflammation in 30-40% of cases. Mutations in genes encoding myocyte structural pro ...
Serologic Analysis of the IgG Antibody Response in
... in Germany. Initially, given as a single dose, this recommendation was modified in favor of a 2-dose regimen in Germany by 2009.1–3 In contrast to VZV wild-type infection, which typically confers lifelong immunity, breakthrough infections can occur months to years after VZV immunization and are caus ...
... in Germany. Initially, given as a single dose, this recommendation was modified in favor of a 2-dose regimen in Germany by 2009.1–3 In contrast to VZV wild-type infection, which typically confers lifelong immunity, breakthrough infections can occur months to years after VZV immunization and are caus ...
Epitope Masking in a Murine Model Independently from Red Cell
... RhD) were shown to inhibit the Ab response to the RhD Ag expressed on the same cell (9), cementing the concept that RBC clearance rather than epitope masking likely explains the AMIS effect with allogeneic erythrocytes. Observations in mice injected with SRBCs unfortunately cannot directly address t ...
... RhD) were shown to inhibit the Ab response to the RhD Ag expressed on the same cell (9), cementing the concept that RBC clearance rather than epitope masking likely explains the AMIS effect with allogeneic erythrocytes. Observations in mice injected with SRBCs unfortunately cannot directly address t ...
The Cytokeratin Filament-Aggregating Protein Filaggrin Is the Target
... Volume 92, September 1993, 1387-1393 ...
... Volume 92, September 1993, 1387-1393 ...
Document
... • Antibodies are made by a class of white blood cells • They are naturally present in the blood • Biological function is to perform defence functions • Each antigen causes the formation of a specific antibody • Recombinant DNA technology allows the engineer antibodies • It is possible to produce com ...
... • Antibodies are made by a class of white blood cells • They are naturally present in the blood • Biological function is to perform defence functions • Each antigen causes the formation of a specific antibody • Recombinant DNA technology allows the engineer antibodies • It is possible to produce com ...
Analysis of Connexin43 phosphorylated at S325, S328 and S330 in
... indicate that this polyclonal antibody can bind to Cx43 phosphorylated at residues S325, S328 and S330, and also that Cx43 is phosphorylated at S328 and/or S330, and to a lesser extent at S325 in heart tissue. The role of phosphorylation at S325, S328 and S330 in gap junction assembly To be more qua ...
... indicate that this polyclonal antibody can bind to Cx43 phosphorylated at residues S325, S328 and S330, and also that Cx43 is phosphorylated at S328 and/or S330, and to a lesser extent at S325 in heart tissue. The role of phosphorylation at S325, S328 and S330 in gap junction assembly To be more qua ...
Proceedings Template - WORD
... hysteresis in the GDP system. Notice, in Figure 7, that a constant signal can leave the immune system in either the activated or suppressed state, depending on whether or not it follows a phase of antigen growth. More specifically, if the immune system begins in an activated state, a constant signal ...
... hysteresis in the GDP system. Notice, in Figure 7, that a constant signal can leave the immune system in either the activated or suppressed state, depending on whether or not it follows a phase of antigen growth. More specifically, if the immune system begins in an activated state, a constant signal ...
item[`#file`]
... o (Protein/Drug Complex) – drug binds to platelet surface sturcture “complex” Ig attacks o (Comp. “In Vivo Sensitization”) – drug binds to platelet surface antigen “neo-antigen” Ig Treatment – REMOVE DRUG!!! Thrombosis problem – Ig response invokes complement system on platelets, pro-thr ...
... o (Protein/Drug Complex) – drug binds to platelet surface sturcture “complex” Ig attacks o (Comp. “In Vivo Sensitization”) – drug binds to platelet surface antigen “neo-antigen” Ig Treatment – REMOVE DRUG!!! Thrombosis problem – Ig response invokes complement system on platelets, pro-thr ...
What is the Immune System
... then the adaptive response may take over • Macrophages and neurophils are actors – Bind to common (known) things. This knowledge has been evolved and passed from generation to generation. ...
... then the adaptive response may take over • Macrophages and neurophils are actors – Bind to common (known) things. This knowledge has been evolved and passed from generation to generation. ...
ROLE OF BACTERIAL ADHESION IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF
... cells of V. cholerae removes the antisomatic antibody and its protective activity, but the absorption does not remove antiflagellar activity. Thus, the protective effect of the anti-live V . cholerae antiserum correlates with its anti-LPS and not with its anti-flagellar antibody. Because the somatic ...
... cells of V. cholerae removes the antisomatic antibody and its protective activity, but the absorption does not remove antiflagellar activity. Thus, the protective effect of the anti-live V . cholerae antiserum correlates with its anti-LPS and not with its anti-flagellar antibody. Because the somatic ...
A hemolysis–hemagglutination assay for characterizing
... somatic hypermutation and recombination during ontogenesis as in the case of the adaptive antibody repertoire [19,20]. NAbs react with various affinities to a wide variety of epitopes on macromolecular and particulate antigens including foreign red blood cells (RBCs), bacteria, viruses, and toxins [ ...
... somatic hypermutation and recombination during ontogenesis as in the case of the adaptive antibody repertoire [19,20]. NAbs react with various affinities to a wide variety of epitopes on macromolecular and particulate antigens including foreign red blood cells (RBCs), bacteria, viruses, and toxins [ ...
Antibody
An antibody (Ab), also known as an immunoglobulin (Ig), is a large, Y-shape protein produced by plasma cells that is used by the immune system to identify and neutralize pathogens such as bacteria and viruses. The antibody recognizes a unique molecule of the harmful agent, called an antigen, via the variable region. Each tip of the ""Y"" of an antibody contains a paratope (analogous to a lock) that is specific for one particular epitope (similarly analogous to a key) on an antigen, allowing these two structures to bind together with precision. Using this binding mechanism, an antibody can tag a microbe or an infected cell for attack by other parts of the immune system, or can neutralize its target directly (for example, by blocking a part of a microbe that is essential for its invasion and survival). The ability of an antibody to communicate with the other components of the immune system is mediated via its Fc region (located at the base of the ""Y""), which contains a conserved glycosylation site involved in these interactions. The production of antibodies is the main function of the humoral immune system.Antibodies are secreted by cells of the adaptive immune system (B cells), and more specifically, differentiated B cells called plasma cells. Antibodies can occur in two physical forms, a soluble form that is secreted from the cell, and a membrane-bound form that is attached to the surface of a B cell and is referred to as the B cell receptor (BCR). The BCR is found only on the surface of B cells and facilitates the activation of these cells and their subsequent differentiation into either antibody factories called plasma cells or memory B cells that will survive in the body and remember that same antigen so the B cells can respond faster upon future exposure. In most cases, interaction of the B cell with a T helper cell is necessary to produce full activation of the B cell and, therefore, antibody generation following antigen binding. Soluble antibodies are released into the blood and tissue fluids, as well as many secretions to continue to survey for invading microorganisms.Antibodies are glycoproteins belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily; the terms antibody and immunoglobulin are often used interchangeably. Though strictly speaking, an antibody is not the same as an immunoglobulin; B cells can produce two types of immunoglobulins - surface immunoglobulins, which are B cell receptors; and secreted immunoglobulins, which are antibodies. So antibodies are one of two classes of immunoglobulins. Antibodies are typically made of basic structural units—each with two large heavy chains and two small light chains. There are several different types of antibody heavy chains based on five different types of crystallisable fragments (Fc) that may be attached to the antigen-binding fragments. The five different types of Fc regions allow antibodies to be grouped into five isotypes. Each Fc region of a particular antibody isotype is able to bind to its specific Fc Receptor (except for IgD, which is essentially the BCR), thus allowing the antigen-antibody complex to mediate different roles depending on which FcR it binds. The ability of an antibody to bind to its corresponding FcR is further modulated by the structure of the glycan(s) present at conserved sites within its Fc region. The ability of antibodies to bind to FcRs helps to direct the appropriate immune response for each different type of foreign object they encounter. For example, IgE is responsible for an allergic response consisting of mast cell degranulation and histamine release. IgE's Fab paratope binds to allergic antigen, for example house dust mite particles, while its Fc region binds to Fc receptor ε. The allergen-IgE-FcRε interaction mediates allergic signal transduction to induce conditions such as asthma. Though the general structure of all antibodies is very similar, a small region at the tip of the protein is extremely variable, allowing millions of antibodies with slightly different tip structures, or antigen-binding sites, to exist. This region is known as the hypervariable region. Each of these variants can bind to a different antigen. This enormous diversity of antibody paratopes on the antigen-binding fragments allows the immune system to recognize an equally wide variety of antigens. The large and diverse population of antibody paratope is generated by random recombination events of a set of gene segments that encode different antigen-binding sites (or paratopes), followed by random mutations in this area of the antibody gene, which create further diversity. This recombinational process that produces clonal antibody paratope diversity is called V(D)J or VJ recombination. Basically, the antibody paratope is polygenic, made up of three genes, V, D, and J. Each paratope locus is also polymorphic, such that during antibody production, one allele of V, one of D, and one of J is chosen. These gene segments are then joined together using random genetic recombination to produce the paratope. The regions where the genes are randomly recombined together is the hyper variable region used to recognise different antigens on a clonal basis. Antibody genes also re-organize in a process called class switching that changes the one type of heavy chain Fc fragment to another, creating a different isotype of the antibody that retains the antigen-specific variable region. This allows a single antibody to be used by different types of Fc receptors, expressed on different parts of the immune system.