Synthesis and Characterization of Hapten-Protein
... immunoglobulin (Ig), fibrinogen, or keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH). Hapten-protein conjugates made with serum albumin are more frequently used than conjugates of γ-globulin or other carrier proteins. The haptenprotein conjugates of bovine, rabbit, and human serum albumin were found to be soluble ab ...
... immunoglobulin (Ig), fibrinogen, or keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH). Hapten-protein conjugates made with serum albumin are more frequently used than conjugates of γ-globulin or other carrier proteins. The haptenprotein conjugates of bovine, rabbit, and human serum albumin were found to be soluble ab ...
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. - Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and
... take up oxidized LDL through the scavenger receptor pathway and initiate an adaptive immune response by possibly presenting lipid antigens on CD 1 receptors6 and peptide antigens on human leukocyte antigen-DR (HLA-DR) receptors.7 The existence of a pre-existing, natural immune response against oxidi ...
... take up oxidized LDL through the scavenger receptor pathway and initiate an adaptive immune response by possibly presenting lipid antigens on CD 1 receptors6 and peptide antigens on human leukocyte antigen-DR (HLA-DR) receptors.7 The existence of a pre-existing, natural immune response against oxidi ...
Highly Conserved Region 141–168 of the NS1 Protein Is a New
... SUMMARY: Dengue virus (DENV) nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) is a major target of humoral immunity in patients and is believed to be involved in DENV pathogenesis. In addition, NS1 is a diagnostic target as it is secreted, and circulates, in patients’ plasma at an early stage of viral infection. In th ...
... SUMMARY: Dengue virus (DENV) nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) is a major target of humoral immunity in patients and is believed to be involved in DENV pathogenesis. In addition, NS1 is a diagnostic target as it is secreted, and circulates, in patients’ plasma at an early stage of viral infection. In th ...
A. Classical Adjuvants (Gel Suspensions, FDA Approved, used in
... The World of Vaccine Adjuvants-The Hidden Secrets of Vaccine The word ‘adjuvant’ is derived from the Latin word ‘adjuvare’ which means ‘to help’. Immunologic Adjuvants are added to vaccines to stimulate the immune system's response to the target antigen, but do not in themselves confer immunity. Adj ...
... The World of Vaccine Adjuvants-The Hidden Secrets of Vaccine The word ‘adjuvant’ is derived from the Latin word ‘adjuvare’ which means ‘to help’. Immunologic Adjuvants are added to vaccines to stimulate the immune system's response to the target antigen, but do not in themselves confer immunity. Adj ...
Cryptic T-Cell Epitopes and their Role in the
... This mechanism is known as antigen processing and is a fundamental early step in the introduction of immunity to protein antigens. Of the many fragments produced by processing, not all are necessarily presented to or recognized by T lymphocytes. However, in certain situations, immune responses to fr ...
... This mechanism is known as antigen processing and is a fundamental early step in the introduction of immunity to protein antigens. Of the many fragments produced by processing, not all are necessarily presented to or recognized by T lymphocytes. However, in certain situations, immune responses to fr ...
Cell-free eukaryotic systems for the production
... fragment fusion proteins [6–8, 11–13]. These lysates are usually characterized by high production yields, but only a fraction of synthesized antibodies may be in a functional state [8, 14]. Since many proteins tend to accumulate as insoluble aggregates of folding intermediates, the performance of al ...
... fragment fusion proteins [6–8, 11–13]. These lysates are usually characterized by high production yields, but only a fraction of synthesized antibodies may be in a functional state [8, 14]. Since many proteins tend to accumulate as insoluble aggregates of folding intermediates, the performance of al ...
Antibodies to N**-(A^-isopentenyI) adenosine and its nucleotide
... i 6 Ado and to quantitate the amount of that nucleotide. The sane order of selectivity was expressed whether the nucleotides were free or in a tRNA molecule. Interaction of the antibody with compounds from the i 6 Ado family demonstrated dominance of the hydrophobic isopentenyl group and the importa ...
... i 6 Ado and to quantitate the amount of that nucleotide. The sane order of selectivity was expressed whether the nucleotides were free or in a tRNA molecule. Interaction of the antibody with compounds from the i 6 Ado family demonstrated dominance of the hydrophobic isopentenyl group and the importa ...
Mycoplasma pneumoniae IgG, IgM
... epidemics of the bacterium are observed every 3-7 years, usually in the early autumn • The infection is most common in children aged 2-12, with 80% of adults being seropositive for IgG • M. pneumoniae is responsible for 10-30% of cases of Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) • CAP however only repre ...
... epidemics of the bacterium are observed every 3-7 years, usually in the early autumn • The infection is most common in children aged 2-12, with 80% of adults being seropositive for IgG • M. pneumoniae is responsible for 10-30% of cases of Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) • CAP however only repre ...
Mycoplasma pneumoniae IgG, IgM
... epidemics of the bacterium are observed every 3-7 years, usually in the early autumn • The infection is most common in children aged 2-12, with 80% of adults being seropositive for IgG • M. pneumoniae is responsible for 10-30% of cases of Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) • CAP however only repre ...
... epidemics of the bacterium are observed every 3-7 years, usually in the early autumn • The infection is most common in children aged 2-12, with 80% of adults being seropositive for IgG • M. pneumoniae is responsible for 10-30% of cases of Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) • CAP however only repre ...
Hemocompatibility of medical devices, blood products
... The complement cascade (figure was adaped from Rutkowski et al. (2010)) [4]. The classical pathway is activated by the Fc portion of immunoglobulins bound to antigen, apoptotic cells, Gram-negative bacteria, and viruses. The C1 complex, made up of C1q, C1r, and C1s subunits, initiates the downstream ...
... The complement cascade (figure was adaped from Rutkowski et al. (2010)) [4]. The classical pathway is activated by the Fc portion of immunoglobulins bound to antigen, apoptotic cells, Gram-negative bacteria, and viruses. The C1 complex, made up of C1q, C1r, and C1s subunits, initiates the downstream ...
Immune System
... mutation (1 nucleotide change per variable gene [VDL] per division) during S-phase resulting in a slight variations in all daughter cells – genetic diversity followed by natural selection!! ...
... mutation (1 nucleotide change per variable gene [VDL] per division) during S-phase resulting in a slight variations in all daughter cells – genetic diversity followed by natural selection!! ...
Document
... clinically meaningful BILAG improvements in moderate-to-severe SLE in all affected body systems. Efficacy was particularly prominent in cardiorespiratory and neuropsychiatric systems - Phase III Laquinimod: Unknown immunomodulation - Recruitment for Phase IIa ...
... clinically meaningful BILAG improvements in moderate-to-severe SLE in all affected body systems. Efficacy was particularly prominent in cardiorespiratory and neuropsychiatric systems - Phase III Laquinimod: Unknown immunomodulation - Recruitment for Phase IIa ...
Monoclonal Antibodies for Therapeutic Use: Specific Characteristics
... portion (the sequence of which does not change within an Ig subclass in an individual) is made up of domains CH1 and CL (on the Fab portion) and domains CH2 and CH3 (on the Fc portion). The first MoAbs were murine in nature, which resulted in a short half-life, low recruitment of immune effectors, a ...
... portion (the sequence of which does not change within an Ig subclass in an individual) is made up of domains CH1 and CL (on the Fab portion) and domains CH2 and CH3 (on the Fc portion). The first MoAbs were murine in nature, which resulted in a short half-life, low recruitment of immune effectors, a ...
The immune system
... We detect antibodies against etiological agent of the disease in a patients serum, i.e. non pathogenic P. vulgaris and not R. prowasekii, is used as antigen in this serological in vitro reaction A laboratory worker is protected from being infected ...
... We detect antibodies against etiological agent of the disease in a patients serum, i.e. non pathogenic P. vulgaris and not R. prowasekii, is used as antigen in this serological in vitro reaction A laboratory worker is protected from being infected ...
Evolutionary insights into the origin of innate and adaptive immune
... from protists to humans, must defend themselves from attack by predators. From the time when life began around 3,500 million years ago, all living cells have evolved mechanisms and strategies to optimally defend themselves, while the invaders also need to survive by evading these immune defenses. Th ...
... from protists to humans, must defend themselves from attack by predators. From the time when life began around 3,500 million years ago, all living cells have evolved mechanisms and strategies to optimally defend themselves, while the invaders also need to survive by evading these immune defenses. Th ...
Janeway`s Immunobiology, 9th Edition Chapter 2: Innate Immunity
... Ensure that pathogens are readily detected by the adaptive immune system before they replicate to high levels in the host B. Prevent B cells from being activated in response to antigens that are not pathogens C. Allow B cells to phagocytose the pathogen and help destroy it D. Induce increased rounds ...
... Ensure that pathogens are readily detected by the adaptive immune system before they replicate to high levels in the host B. Prevent B cells from being activated in response to antigens that are not pathogens C. Allow B cells to phagocytose the pathogen and help destroy it D. Induce increased rounds ...
Hen egg yolk antibodies - Les Presses agronomiques de Gembloux
... present in avian serum and egg yolk was called IgG, due to its function and serum concentration in comparison with the mammalian IgG. However, it has become clear that this is inappropriate, especially because of fundamental structural differences between IgG and IgY molecules, which will be discuss ...
... present in avian serum and egg yolk was called IgG, due to its function and serum concentration in comparison with the mammalian IgG. However, it has become clear that this is inappropriate, especially because of fundamental structural differences between IgG and IgY molecules, which will be discuss ...
Multiple Trypanosoma cruzi antigens containing tandemly repeated
... Uppsala, Sweden. Abbreviation: H2, human Chagasic serum. ...
... Uppsala, Sweden. Abbreviation: H2, human Chagasic serum. ...
Monoclonal Antibodies Distinguish Titins from Heart and Skeletal
... air dried before staining with antibody. Myofibrils from chicken breast and heart muscle used in immunofluorescence microscopy were prepared essentially according to Wang and RamirezMitchell (27). Glycerinated myofibrils were prepared according to Knight and Trinick (9). Myofibrils were kept in the ...
... air dried before staining with antibody. Myofibrils from chicken breast and heart muscle used in immunofluorescence microscopy were prepared essentially according to Wang and RamirezMitchell (27). Glycerinated myofibrils were prepared according to Knight and Trinick (9). Myofibrils were kept in the ...
Peptides that mimic Candida albicans–derived β
... and T a turn). Although interpretation of this observation is limited by the peptide length, it appears that the sequence of phage-peptides recognized by the mAb allowed a similar three-dimensional structure. Because the sequence FHENWPS was present in over 60% of the phages isolated with DJ2.8, thi ...
... and T a turn). Although interpretation of this observation is limited by the peptide length, it appears that the sequence of phage-peptides recognized by the mAb allowed a similar three-dimensional structure. Because the sequence FHENWPS was present in over 60% of the phages isolated with DJ2.8, thi ...
Premature ovarian failure: Think `autoimmune disorder`
... T-cells within the ovary invade granulosa cells and become activated, secreting interferon-γ (IFN-γ). The IFN-γ enhances expression of class I and II MHC on granulosa cells with the help of elevated folliclestimulating hormone (FSH) values (secondary to diminished inhibin production by these cells). ...
... T-cells within the ovary invade granulosa cells and become activated, secreting interferon-γ (IFN-γ). The IFN-γ enhances expression of class I and II MHC on granulosa cells with the help of elevated folliclestimulating hormone (FSH) values (secondary to diminished inhibin production by these cells). ...
Duration of post-vaccination immunity against yellow - Arca
... had received a single dose of the yellow fever vaccine 17DD at least 1 year before (confirmed in immunisation records) or had never been vaccinated (Fig. 1). Rio de Janeiro residents are advised to take the yellow fever vaccine only if they travel to endemic areas. The municipality of Alfenas is loca ...
... had received a single dose of the yellow fever vaccine 17DD at least 1 year before (confirmed in immunisation records) or had never been vaccinated (Fig. 1). Rio de Janeiro residents are advised to take the yellow fever vaccine only if they travel to endemic areas. The municipality of Alfenas is loca ...
Effect of Boar Seminal Immunosuppressive Fraction on B
... histoincompatible sperm normally does not invoke an antisperm immune response. Seminal plasma may provide a physiological protective environment to prevent immune recognition of highly antigenic sperm. The abrogation of the immune response to sperm is important for successful conception [4], but at ...
... histoincompatible sperm normally does not invoke an antisperm immune response. Seminal plasma may provide a physiological protective environment to prevent immune recognition of highly antigenic sperm. The abrogation of the immune response to sperm is important for successful conception [4], but at ...
Antibody
An antibody (Ab), also known as an immunoglobulin (Ig), is a large, Y-shape protein produced by plasma cells that is used by the immune system to identify and neutralize pathogens such as bacteria and viruses. The antibody recognizes a unique molecule of the harmful agent, called an antigen, via the variable region. Each tip of the ""Y"" of an antibody contains a paratope (analogous to a lock) that is specific for one particular epitope (similarly analogous to a key) on an antigen, allowing these two structures to bind together with precision. Using this binding mechanism, an antibody can tag a microbe or an infected cell for attack by other parts of the immune system, or can neutralize its target directly (for example, by blocking a part of a microbe that is essential for its invasion and survival). The ability of an antibody to communicate with the other components of the immune system is mediated via its Fc region (located at the base of the ""Y""), which contains a conserved glycosylation site involved in these interactions. The production of antibodies is the main function of the humoral immune system.Antibodies are secreted by cells of the adaptive immune system (B cells), and more specifically, differentiated B cells called plasma cells. Antibodies can occur in two physical forms, a soluble form that is secreted from the cell, and a membrane-bound form that is attached to the surface of a B cell and is referred to as the B cell receptor (BCR). The BCR is found only on the surface of B cells and facilitates the activation of these cells and their subsequent differentiation into either antibody factories called plasma cells or memory B cells that will survive in the body and remember that same antigen so the B cells can respond faster upon future exposure. In most cases, interaction of the B cell with a T helper cell is necessary to produce full activation of the B cell and, therefore, antibody generation following antigen binding. Soluble antibodies are released into the blood and tissue fluids, as well as many secretions to continue to survey for invading microorganisms.Antibodies are glycoproteins belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily; the terms antibody and immunoglobulin are often used interchangeably. Though strictly speaking, an antibody is not the same as an immunoglobulin; B cells can produce two types of immunoglobulins - surface immunoglobulins, which are B cell receptors; and secreted immunoglobulins, which are antibodies. So antibodies are one of two classes of immunoglobulins. Antibodies are typically made of basic structural units—each with two large heavy chains and two small light chains. There are several different types of antibody heavy chains based on five different types of crystallisable fragments (Fc) that may be attached to the antigen-binding fragments. The five different types of Fc regions allow antibodies to be grouped into five isotypes. Each Fc region of a particular antibody isotype is able to bind to its specific Fc Receptor (except for IgD, which is essentially the BCR), thus allowing the antigen-antibody complex to mediate different roles depending on which FcR it binds. The ability of an antibody to bind to its corresponding FcR is further modulated by the structure of the glycan(s) present at conserved sites within its Fc region. The ability of antibodies to bind to FcRs helps to direct the appropriate immune response for each different type of foreign object they encounter. For example, IgE is responsible for an allergic response consisting of mast cell degranulation and histamine release. IgE's Fab paratope binds to allergic antigen, for example house dust mite particles, while its Fc region binds to Fc receptor ε. The allergen-IgE-FcRε interaction mediates allergic signal transduction to induce conditions such as asthma. Though the general structure of all antibodies is very similar, a small region at the tip of the protein is extremely variable, allowing millions of antibodies with slightly different tip structures, or antigen-binding sites, to exist. This region is known as the hypervariable region. Each of these variants can bind to a different antigen. This enormous diversity of antibody paratopes on the antigen-binding fragments allows the immune system to recognize an equally wide variety of antigens. The large and diverse population of antibody paratope is generated by random recombination events of a set of gene segments that encode different antigen-binding sites (or paratopes), followed by random mutations in this area of the antibody gene, which create further diversity. This recombinational process that produces clonal antibody paratope diversity is called V(D)J or VJ recombination. Basically, the antibody paratope is polygenic, made up of three genes, V, D, and J. Each paratope locus is also polymorphic, such that during antibody production, one allele of V, one of D, and one of J is chosen. These gene segments are then joined together using random genetic recombination to produce the paratope. The regions where the genes are randomly recombined together is the hyper variable region used to recognise different antigens on a clonal basis. Antibody genes also re-organize in a process called class switching that changes the one type of heavy chain Fc fragment to another, creating a different isotype of the antibody that retains the antigen-specific variable region. This allows a single antibody to be used by different types of Fc receptors, expressed on different parts of the immune system.