Prejudice as an Attitude
... On Monday, September 30, 2002 at approximately 8:50 P.M., two male suspects approached a male student from behind while walking alone on Shoreham Drive, near the intersection of Jane Street and Finch Avenue. The suspects demanded the victim’s wallet and CD player. The victim complied. The suspects w ...
... On Monday, September 30, 2002 at approximately 8:50 P.M., two male suspects approached a male student from behind while walking alone on Shoreham Drive, near the intersection of Jane Street and Finch Avenue. The suspects demanded the victim’s wallet and CD player. The victim complied. The suspects w ...
Influence
... False consensus: misjudging the extent to which others agree Dual process theories : members base choices on available information (direct process) or nonrational processes, such as heuristics and emotional responses (indirect process). ...
... False consensus: misjudging the extent to which others agree Dual process theories : members base choices on available information (direct process) or nonrational processes, such as heuristics and emotional responses (indirect process). ...
Social contagion of memory
... the sixth and final word he recalled. (This feature was counterbalanced in another experiment not reported here and was determined to have no significant effect.) The scenes in which false information was intruded were counterbalanced, so that each scene was presented to an equal number of subjects ...
... the sixth and final word he recalled. (This feature was counterbalanced in another experiment not reported here and was determined to have no significant effect.) The scenes in which false information was intruded were counterbalanced, so that each scene was presented to an equal number of subjects ...
Attitudes as Temporary Constructions
... Sometimes the way in which a question is asked influences the attitude people report, but not how they actually feel. Research on self-presentation has documented the powerful effects of situational variables on people's public reports of their feelings. A striking example of this was found in the 1 ...
... Sometimes the way in which a question is asked influences the attitude people report, but not how they actually feel. Research on self-presentation has documented the powerful effects of situational variables on people's public reports of their feelings. A striking example of this was found in the 1 ...
Social Psychology - Napa Valley College
... • If you tell a friend that you like her ugly dress very much, do you experience much dissonance? We doubt it. • There are many thoughts that are consonant with having told this lie. •External In effect, your cognition that it is important not Justification cause pain to people like provides A to re ...
... • If you tell a friend that you like her ugly dress very much, do you experience much dissonance? We doubt it. • There are many thoughts that are consonant with having told this lie. •External In effect, your cognition that it is important not Justification cause pain to people like provides A to re ...
CHAPTER 4 SELF
... world to gain self-knowledge. This insight forms the heart of Festinger’s social comparison theory (Festinger, 1954). According to this theory, people learn about themselves by comparing themselves with others (Suls & Miller, 1977; Suls & Wills, 1991). Suppose I time myself and learn I can run a mil ...
... world to gain self-knowledge. This insight forms the heart of Festinger’s social comparison theory (Festinger, 1954). According to this theory, people learn about themselves by comparing themselves with others (Suls & Miller, 1977; Suls & Wills, 1991). Suppose I time myself and learn I can run a mil ...
The Role of Attitude Accessibility in the Attitude-to
... respondents were telephoned within a day or two of the election and asked to reveal whether they had voted and, if so, for whom. Although we do not discern any plausible explanation for how such self-reports might have been biased by both the attitude expressed months earlier and the accessibility o ...
... respondents were telephoned within a day or two of the election and asked to reveal whether they had voted and, if so, for whom. Although we do not discern any plausible explanation for how such self-reports might have been biased by both the attitude expressed months earlier and the accessibility o ...
Attribution
... Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White © 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. ...
... Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White © 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. ...
self-perception: an alternative interpretation of cognitive
... cause their overt behavior does not "follow from" their cognition about the task, nor does it follow from the small compensation they are receiving. To reduce the resulting dissonance pressure, they change their cognition about the task so that it is consistent with their overt behavior: they become ...
... cause their overt behavior does not "follow from" their cognition about the task, nor does it follow from the small compensation they are receiving. To reduce the resulting dissonance pressure, they change their cognition about the task so that it is consistent with their overt behavior: they become ...
iopsych4
... Actual criterion is the data that can be collected to imply the conceptual criterion. Usually one cannot measure that conceptual criterion, and must use actual measurable quantities to determine correlating values. An example is measuring the theoretical concept of morality. One could look at things ...
... Actual criterion is the data that can be collected to imply the conceptual criterion. Usually one cannot measure that conceptual criterion, and must use actual measurable quantities to determine correlating values. An example is measuring the theoretical concept of morality. One could look at things ...
Can competitive paradigms increase the validity of experiments on
... a variable(s) relevant to deciding between two (or more) competing hypotheses (Martin and Bateson 1993). Many methods of control have been developed and standardized, such as controlling for order effects, removing biases using blind experimenters, and counterbalancing. The merit of the different me ...
... a variable(s) relevant to deciding between two (or more) competing hypotheses (Martin and Bateson 1993). Many methods of control have been developed and standardized, such as controlling for order effects, removing biases using blind experimenters, and counterbalancing. The merit of the different me ...
Moral Reasoning: Hints and Allegations
... To determine whether people engage in Moral Reasoning, one might begin by examining how people behave when asked to take a more rational approach to moral judgment. Pizarro, Uhlmann, and Bloom (2003) took this approach in a study employing scenarios like this: Barbara wants to kill her husband, John ...
... To determine whether people engage in Moral Reasoning, one might begin by examining how people behave when asked to take a more rational approach to moral judgment. Pizarro, Uhlmann, and Bloom (2003) took this approach in a study employing scenarios like this: Barbara wants to kill her husband, John ...
Attitude, Inference, Association: On the Propositional Structure
... 1. Caveats and Idealizations Let’s begin with some caveats. First, I assume that there is a monolithic phenomenon to be investigated; that is, I assume that there is some causally implicated cognitive structure involved in many, if not all, cases of implicit bias. This is an idealization, and it’s p ...
... 1. Caveats and Idealizations Let’s begin with some caveats. First, I assume that there is a monolithic phenomenon to be investigated; that is, I assume that there is some causally implicated cognitive structure involved in many, if not all, cases of implicit bias. This is an idealization, and it’s p ...
Choice-induced preferences in the absence of choice: Evidence
... that both objects were in the box) even though the monkey never had an actual choice. In the No Choice condition, after displaying two Skittles, the experimenter lowered only one hand and hid only one of the Skittles inside the box. The monkey searched until finding the Skittle, and the experimenter ...
... that both objects were in the box) even though the monkey never had an actual choice. In the No Choice condition, after displaying two Skittles, the experimenter lowered only one hand and hid only one of the Skittles inside the box. The monkey searched until finding the Skittle, and the experimenter ...
The Nonverbal Transmission of Intergroup Bias
... disadvantages to implicitly measured biases, it is clear that intergroup bias is alive and well. This is puzzling given the harsh legal and social penalties that, for decades now, have been levied against individuals who exhibit bias. This puzzle cannot be completely explained by functional theories ...
... disadvantages to implicitly measured biases, it is clear that intergroup bias is alive and well. This is puzzling given the harsh legal and social penalties that, for decades now, have been levied against individuals who exhibit bias. This puzzle cannot be completely explained by functional theories ...
Why Can`t We Just Get Along? Interpersonal Biases and Interracial
... We extended this line of research further by exploring more directly how Whites weigh different types of information in making their selection decisions for Whites and Blacks in another context: college admissions decisions. Whereas the previous experiment examined racial biases against job ...
... We extended this line of research further by exploring more directly how Whites weigh different types of information in making their selection decisions for Whites and Blacks in another context: college admissions decisions. Whereas the previous experiment examined racial biases against job ...
Ewwwwwwwww! The surprising moral force of
... a story in which morality grows out of the vagaries of human evolution, the new moral psychologists threaten the claim of universality on which most moral systems depend - the idea that certain things are simply right, others simply wrong. If the evolutionary story about the moral emotions is correc ...
... a story in which morality grows out of the vagaries of human evolution, the new moral psychologists threaten the claim of universality on which most moral systems depend - the idea that certain things are simply right, others simply wrong. If the evolutionary story about the moral emotions is correc ...
Attitude, Inference, Association
... Second, I assume that a host of standard though distinct tests can be used to uncover implicit biases, including the Implicit Association Test (IAT; Greenwald et al., 1998); the Affect Misattribution Procedure (AMP; Payne 2009); the Go/No-Go Association Task (GNAT; Nosek & Banaji 2001); the Sorting ...
... Second, I assume that a host of standard though distinct tests can be used to uncover implicit biases, including the Implicit Association Test (IAT; Greenwald et al., 1998); the Affect Misattribution Procedure (AMP; Payne 2009); the Go/No-Go Association Task (GNAT; Nosek & Banaji 2001); the Sorting ...
Personality and Persuasion
... have a more extensive and differentiated structure of thoughts and associations supporting them. The many connections supporting their attitudes provide greater protection against decay or interference. That is, if one aspect of why one likes an object is "lost." other parts of the structure would b ...
... have a more extensive and differentiated structure of thoughts and associations supporting them. The many connections supporting their attitudes provide greater protection against decay or interference. That is, if one aspect of why one likes an object is "lost." other parts of the structure would b ...
The Good Subject Motive and the Apprehensive Subject Motive: An
... suspicion was bypassed by direct knowledge, no clear-cut results emerged. After looking for support for an artifact implicating suspiciousness of intent to persuade in some attitude change studies, McGuire admitted that he had found little. It is well to point out here some problems with McGuire's a ...
... suspicion was bypassed by direct knowledge, no clear-cut results emerged. After looking for support for an artifact implicating suspiciousness of intent to persuade in some attitude change studies, McGuire admitted that he had found little. It is well to point out here some problems with McGuire's a ...
On the One Hand and On the Other: The Effect of Embodying
... participants prefer questions such as ‘are you usually the initiator of forming new relationships’ as opposed to ‘do you usually go to movies alone.’ In 1979, Lord, Ross, and Lepper, ran an experiment with participants who had strong beliefs in favour of or against capital punishment. Each participa ...
... participants prefer questions such as ‘are you usually the initiator of forming new relationships’ as opposed to ‘do you usually go to movies alone.’ In 1979, Lord, Ross, and Lepper, ran an experiment with participants who had strong beliefs in favour of or against capital punishment. Each participa ...
The Basic Assumptions of Intuitive Belief
... the cognitive system assumes that the world is governed by causal laws, by mechanisms that take causes as inputs and deliver effects as outputs. On the second question, we believe the cognitive system assumes that the world is deterministic. This is likely our most tendentious claim. Our claim, to b ...
... the cognitive system assumes that the world is governed by causal laws, by mechanisms that take causes as inputs and deliver effects as outputs. On the second question, we believe the cognitive system assumes that the world is deterministic. This is likely our most tendentious claim. Our claim, to b ...
Automaticity in social-cognitive processes
... this conclusion is the finding by Leighton and colleagues [19] that boosting prosocial feelings in general causes a subsequent increase in automatic imitation tendencies, which also suggests that the relation between mimicry and the positivity of social attitudes is bidirectional. With respect to co ...
... this conclusion is the finding by Leighton and colleagues [19] that boosting prosocial feelings in general causes a subsequent increase in automatic imitation tendencies, which also suggests that the relation between mimicry and the positivity of social attitudes is bidirectional. With respect to co ...
Tell me more: The effects of expressed interest on receptiveness
... complete a final questionnaire. This questionnaire contained several measures accompanied by 7-point Likert scales ranging from !3 (indicating strong disagreement) to +3 (indicating strong agreement). A ‘‘counterpart’s open-mindedness” measure was created from participants’ ratings of their debate c ...
... complete a final questionnaire. This questionnaire contained several measures accompanied by 7-point Likert scales ranging from !3 (indicating strong disagreement) to +3 (indicating strong agreement). A ‘‘counterpart’s open-mindedness” measure was created from participants’ ratings of their debate c ...
Hiring and escalation bias in subjective performance - IAE-CSIC
... Bazerman et al. cannot really distinguish between a positive and a negative escalation bias, since the direct comparison between managers involved in hiring and not involved in hiring can not disentangle whether the first kind of manager is too positive or the second too negative. Schoorman (1988) fo ...
... Bazerman et al. cannot really distinguish between a positive and a negative escalation bias, since the direct comparison between managers involved in hiring and not involved in hiring can not disentangle whether the first kind of manager is too positive or the second too negative. Schoorman (1988) fo ...
Introspection illusion
The introspection illusion is a cognitive bias in which people wrongly think they have direct insight into the origins of their mental states, while treating others' introspections as unreliable. In certain situations, this illusion leads people to make confident but false explanations of their own behavior (called ""causal theories"") or inaccurate predictions of their future mental states.The illusion has been examined in psychological experiments, and suggested as a basis for biases in how people compare themselves to others. These experiments have been interpreted as suggesting that, rather than offering direct access to the processes underlying mental states, introspection is a process of construction and inference, much as people indirectly infer others' mental states from their behavior.When people mistake unreliable introspection for genuine self-knowledge, the result can be an illusion of superiority over other people, for example when each person thinks they are less biased and less conformist than the rest of the group. Even when experimental subjects are provided with reports of other subjects' introspections, in as detailed a form as possible, they still rate those other introspections as unreliable while treating their own as reliable. Although the hypothesis of an introspection illusion informs some psychological research, the existing evidence is arguably inadequate to decide how reliable introspection is in normal circumstances. Correction for the bias may be possible through education about the bias and its unconscious nature.