
The evolution of ion charge states in cathodic vacuum
... Early in the fast runaway process, the density is not much changed due to inertia, and therefore the path appears horizontal, and the material may be heated beyond the solid-liquid phase transition circumnavigating the critical point “C”. By definition, beyond “C” one cannot distinguish between liqu ...
... Early in the fast runaway process, the density is not much changed due to inertia, and therefore the path appears horizontal, and the material may be heated beyond the solid-liquid phase transition circumnavigating the critical point “C”. By definition, beyond “C” one cannot distinguish between liqu ...
PowerPoint - UCLA IGPP
... • The jump conditions are a set of 6 equations. If we want to find the downstream quantities given the upstream quantities then there are 6 unknowns ( ,vn,,vt,p,Bn,Bt). • The solutions to these equations are not necessarily shocks. These are conservation laws and a multitude of other discontinuit ...
... • The jump conditions are a set of 6 equations. If we want to find the downstream quantities given the upstream quantities then there are 6 unknowns ( ,vn,,vt,p,Bn,Bt). • The solutions to these equations are not necessarily shocks. These are conservation laws and a multitude of other discontinuit ...
Vlasov-code simulation J. B¨uchner
... used, e.g. for strong laser-plasma interactions. The utilization of higher dimensional space physical applications of Vlasov-codes are still in their infancy. At the moment no textbook exists which would cover the major aspects of Vlasov-codes and offer optimum solution schemes like Birdsall and Lan ...
... used, e.g. for strong laser-plasma interactions. The utilization of higher dimensional space physical applications of Vlasov-codes are still in their infancy. At the moment no textbook exists which would cover the major aspects of Vlasov-codes and offer optimum solution schemes like Birdsall and Lan ...
Wall material effects in stationary plasma thrusters. I. Parametric
... whole BN coaxial cylinders originally constituting the discharge chamber were replaced with ones made of a machinable glass ceramic. As a result, for some values of the operating parameters, and in particular at high applied voltages or high magnetic flux intensities, the electron current was found ...
... whole BN coaxial cylinders originally constituting the discharge chamber were replaced with ones made of a machinable glass ceramic. As a result, for some values of the operating parameters, and in particular at high applied voltages or high magnetic flux intensities, the electron current was found ...
Simulation of neutral particle fluxes from fast ions in the
... For optimum burn, precise control of the relative densities of the fuel isotopes in the plasma is required, as any excess of one isotope dilutes the plasma for the other isotope and reduces fusion performance. [3] Thus controlling the fuel mixture is of paramount importance for efficient reactor ope ...
... For optimum burn, precise control of the relative densities of the fuel isotopes in the plasma is required, as any excess of one isotope dilutes the plasma for the other isotope and reduces fusion performance. [3] Thus controlling the fuel mixture is of paramount importance for efficient reactor ope ...
Dynamic Martian magnetosphere: Transient - HAL
... (with Bz > 0), a parallel Bow Shock (BS) region (region of the BS where the shock normal is parallel to the IMF direction) can be identified in the -Z half plane. Figure 1 represents an isovalue surface of the total magnetic field at 5 nT highlighting the BS surface at t = 0 s corresponding to the o ...
... (with Bz > 0), a parallel Bow Shock (BS) region (region of the BS where the shock normal is parallel to the IMF direction) can be identified in the -Z half plane. Figure 1 represents an isovalue surface of the total magnetic field at 5 nT highlighting the BS surface at t = 0 s corresponding to the o ...
Plasma and fields in the wake of Rhea: 3-D
... Saturn’s magnetosphere is an ideal environment for the study of lunar type interactions. Since Saturn’s spin and magnetic axes are aligned and almost colocated, the plasma bulk velocity vector is continuously almost perpendicular to the magnetic field in the equatorial plane, where most moons orbit ...
... Saturn’s magnetosphere is an ideal environment for the study of lunar type interactions. Since Saturn’s spin and magnetic axes are aligned and almost colocated, the plasma bulk velocity vector is continuously almost perpendicular to the magnetic field in the equatorial plane, where most moons orbit ...
Link to file - UH Department of Chemical and Biomolecular
... Ion–ion plasmas are plasmas in which the negative charges are negative ions instead of electrons. In practice, some electrons may still be present. Ion–ion plasmas may form in the (temporal) afterglow of pulsed discharges in electronegative gases [13,14]. The plasma grows during power ON (activeglow ...
... Ion–ion plasmas are plasmas in which the negative charges are negative ions instead of electrons. In practice, some electrons may still be present. Ion–ion plasmas may form in the (temporal) afterglow of pulsed discharges in electronegative gases [13,14]. The plasma grows during power ON (activeglow ...
Radial interchange motions of plasma filaments
... In this contribution, we reconsider the problem of radial convection of isolated filament structures by electrostatic interchange motions. Partly motivated by the numerous experimental observations of ballooning in the fluctuation level and turbulent transport, we investigate a simplified two-field ...
... In this contribution, we reconsider the problem of radial convection of isolated filament structures by electrostatic interchange motions. Partly motivated by the numerous experimental observations of ballooning in the fluctuation level and turbulent transport, we investigate a simplified two-field ...
DrifterParameters.V6
... The gap is divided into 64 bins. After a set number of iterations a steady state is reached. At this point the number of bins is doubled and iterations continue. This is repeated until a steady state is reached with 1024 bins. Each iteration time step is the time it takes an electron to drift a quar ...
... The gap is divided into 64 bins. After a set number of iterations a steady state is reached. At this point the number of bins is doubled and iterations continue. This is repeated until a steady state is reached with 1024 bins. Each iteration time step is the time it takes an electron to drift a quar ...
Acoustic Wave
... medium like solid, liquid, gas, or plasma in a periodic wave pattern transmitting energy from one point to another in the medium [1-2]. It transmits sound by vibrating organs in the ear that produce the sensation of hearing and hence, it is also called acoustic signal. This is well-known that air is ...
... medium like solid, liquid, gas, or plasma in a periodic wave pattern transmitting energy from one point to another in the medium [1-2]. It transmits sound by vibrating organs in the ear that produce the sensation of hearing and hence, it is also called acoustic signal. This is well-known that air is ...
UAH
... Double Layers & High Potential • The separation of charge leads to voltages proportional to the energy of the ions. • Ionospheric electrons would neutralize the ions, but for gradient B drifts. • Energy is conserved, but this geometry acts as a transformer, producing parallel fields • It should work ...
... Double Layers & High Potential • The separation of charge leads to voltages proportional to the energy of the ions. • Ionospheric electrons would neutralize the ions, but for gradient B drifts. • Energy is conserved, but this geometry acts as a transformer, producing parallel fields • It should work ...
Understanding of the role of magnetic fields: Galactic perspective
... experimental validation to astronomical observations. In many cases the studies that utilize this approach can make use of existing laboratory facilities, resulting in a cost that is quite small compared to the cost of measurements in dedicated space missions. Importance of magnetic fields: Magnetic ...
... experimental validation to astronomical observations. In many cases the studies that utilize this approach can make use of existing laboratory facilities, resulting in a cost that is quite small compared to the cost of measurements in dedicated space missions. Importance of magnetic fields: Magnetic ...
Modeling of Venus, Mars, and Titan
... resources. While finer details of the magnetospheric interactions such as chemical reactions, charge exchange, and intrinsic crustal magnetic fields (in the case of Mars) can be included in hybrid models, MHD simulations are often the first to describe these physical interactions. The core assumptio ...
... resources. While finer details of the magnetospheric interactions such as chemical reactions, charge exchange, and intrinsic crustal magnetic fields (in the case of Mars) can be included in hybrid models, MHD simulations are often the first to describe these physical interactions. The core assumptio ...
Parallel electric field in the auroral ionosphere
... The transverse component of the wave vector in small scale Alfvénic perturbations is much larger than the parallel component k⊥ k|| . For the cases where k⊥ λe =k⊥ c/ω0 ≥1 (where λe is the electron inertial length, and ω0 is the plasma frequency), the wave becomes an inertial Alfvén wave and carr ...
... The transverse component of the wave vector in small scale Alfvénic perturbations is much larger than the parallel component k⊥ k|| . For the cases where k⊥ λe =k⊥ c/ω0 ≥1 (where λe is the electron inertial length, and ω0 is the plasma frequency), the wave becomes an inertial Alfvén wave and carr ...
Chapter IV. Ion Acoustic Waves In this and in the following chapters
... known excitation frequency ω via the definition of phase velocity vp = ω/kr. Information about damping is also available in the tone burst data. The spatial damping rate is the inverse distance over which the wave packet amplitude decays by e-1. The tone burst method has the advantages of: 1) Separa ...
... known excitation frequency ω via the definition of phase velocity vp = ω/kr. Information about damping is also available in the tone burst data. The spatial damping rate is the inverse distance over which the wave packet amplitude decays by e-1. The tone burst method has the advantages of: 1) Separa ...
PhD thesis - Laboratorio Nacional de Fusión
... 4.3.4 Self-consistency of the ion distribution . . . . . . . . . 122 4.4 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 4.4.1 Ion heating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 4.4.2 The radial fluxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 4.4.3 The pol ...
... 4.3.4 Self-consistency of the ion distribution . . . . . . . . . 122 4.4 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 4.4.1 Ion heating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 4.4.2 The radial fluxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 4.4.3 The pol ...
ELECTRONS: THE HIGH ENERGY DISTRIBUTION S.
... ficients is, unfortunately, ambiguous, owing to the variety of forms in which the ...
... ficients is, unfortunately, ambiguous, owing to the variety of forms in which the ...
Analysis of Some Reasons of Anomalous Electron Transportation in
... electric field of monotonous character for the following reasons. Increasing of electron drift velocity in the area of heterogeneity of ion concentration of the extent ≈10-2 m (Rgyro≈10-3 m) because of superposition arisen azimuthal component and before existed longitudinal component of an electric ...
... electric field of monotonous character for the following reasons. Increasing of electron drift velocity in the area of heterogeneity of ion concentration of the extent ≈10-2 m (Rgyro≈10-3 m) because of superposition arisen azimuthal component and before existed longitudinal component of an electric ...
Multiple discrete-energy ion features in the inner magnetosphere: 9
... into the inner region rapidly. Li et al. (2000) traced ion drift trajectories by introducing an electromagnetic pulse emitted by a substorm-associated dipolarization event in the magnetotail. In their model, the pulse of electric and magnetic fields propagates from the magnetotail to L=3.5 at a cons ...
... into the inner region rapidly. Li et al. (2000) traced ion drift trajectories by introducing an electromagnetic pulse emitted by a substorm-associated dipolarization event in the magnetotail. In their model, the pulse of electric and magnetic fields propagates from the magnetotail to L=3.5 at a cons ...
View Full Pdf - International Journal of Research in Aeronautical and
... The heaters can operate over the wide pressure range encountered with blowdown systems, and their input voltage is low enough to require no special power conditioning, except for current surge protection. An exception to this would be an S/C power system that would allow more than about 20% voltage ...
... The heaters can operate over the wide pressure range encountered with blowdown systems, and their input voltage is low enough to require no special power conditioning, except for current surge protection. An exception to this would be an S/C power system that would allow more than about 20% voltage ...
5.03 Magnetospheric Contributions to the Terrestrial Magnetic Field
... The ionosphere extends to altitudes of about a thousand kilometers and, at low and mid-latitudes, gradually merges into the plasmasphere. As depicted in Figure 2, the plasmasphere is a torus-shaped volume inside the ring current. It contains a cool but dense plasma of ionospheric origin, which corot ...
... The ionosphere extends to altitudes of about a thousand kilometers and, at low and mid-latitudes, gradually merges into the plasmasphere. As depicted in Figure 2, the plasmasphere is a torus-shaped volume inside the ring current. It contains a cool but dense plasma of ionospheric origin, which corot ...
REFLECTION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES IN GYROTROPIC
... flections from a magnetization-field wave in a twodimensional waveguide filled with a ferrite, from a magnetic-field wave in a homogeneous moving plasma, and from a moving inhomogeneous plasma all are qualitatively alike; in addition to increasing the frequency, the reflection increases the amplitud ...
... flections from a magnetization-field wave in a twodimensional waveguide filled with a ferrite, from a magnetic-field wave in a homogeneous moving plasma, and from a moving inhomogeneous plasma all are qualitatively alike; in addition to increasing the frequency, the reflection increases the amplitud ...
Spectroscopic observation of helium-ion- and hydrogen
... of hydrinos. In 1995, Mills published the GUTCP prediction [45] that the expansion of the universe was accelerating from the same equations that correctly predicted the mass of the top quark before it was measured. To the astonishment of cosmologists, this was confirmed by 2000. Mills made another p ...
... of hydrinos. In 1995, Mills published the GUTCP prediction [45] that the expansion of the universe was accelerating from the same equations that correctly predicted the mass of the top quark before it was measured. To the astonishment of cosmologists, this was confirmed by 2000. Mills made another p ...
Plasma (physics)

Plasma (from Greek πλάσμα, ""anything formed"") is one of the four fundamental states of matter, the others being solid, liquid, and gas. A plasma has properties unlike those of the other states.A plasma can be created by heating a gas or subjecting it to a strong electromagnetic field applied with a laser or microwave generator. This decreases or increases the number of electrons, creating positive or negative charged particles called ions, and is accompanied by the dissociation of molecular bonds, if present.The presence of a significant number of charge carriers makes plasma electrically conductive so that it responds strongly to electromagnetic fields. Like gas, plasma does not have a definite shape or a definite volume unless enclosed in a container. Unlike gas, under the influence of a magnetic field, it may form structures such as filaments, beams and double layers.Plasma is the most abundant form of ordinary matter in the Universe (the only matter known to exist for sure, the more abundant dark matter is hypothetical and may or may not be explained by ordinary matter), most of which is in the rarefied intergalactic regions, particularly the intracluster medium, and in stars, including the Sun. A common form of plasmas on Earth is seen in neon signs.Much of the understanding of plasmas has come from the pursuit of controlled nuclear fusion and fusion power, for which plasma physics provides the scientific basis.