Adapting to Climate Change in the Coastal Cities of North Africa
... are urbanized, is subdivided into four governorates: Manouba, Ariana, Tunis and Ben Arous. The area includes a number of vast water expanses which are at or below sea-level: the North and South lakes between the city and the sea-front, which are connected to the sea, as well as the inland Ariana, Es ...
... are urbanized, is subdivided into four governorates: Manouba, Ariana, Tunis and Ben Arous. The area includes a number of vast water expanses which are at or below sea-level: the North and South lakes between the city and the sea-front, which are connected to the sea, as well as the inland Ariana, Es ...
Peter Hayes – Urban Infrastructure and Climate
... planning and management policies, had assessed climate risk or developed hazard mitigation strategies, and more than 60 percent had no plans to do so. • Cities located in the coastal zones that are below 10 meters above sea level is a small fraction of the world’s land area, but are inhabited by rou ...
... planning and management policies, had assessed climate risk or developed hazard mitigation strategies, and more than 60 percent had no plans to do so. • Cities located in the coastal zones that are below 10 meters above sea level is a small fraction of the world’s land area, but are inhabited by rou ...
Coutts et al 2007
... has a significant influence on how radiation is absorbed within the canyon (i.e., shadowing effects) • Higher canyon walls relative to the canyon width results in less radiation being reflected by the canyon system • The albedo also changes as a function of solar zenith angle due to differences in t ...
... has a significant influence on how radiation is absorbed within the canyon (i.e., shadowing effects) • Higher canyon walls relative to the canyon width results in less radiation being reflected by the canyon system • The albedo also changes as a function of solar zenith angle due to differences in t ...
Unabated planetary warming and its ocean structure since 2006
... warming over time through the water column is evident (Fig. 2a). The 8-year trend in globally averaged temperature anomaly versus depth (Fig. 2b) illustrates the separation into upper layers with high interannual variability, and therefore large uncertainty in the trend, and deeper steadier warming ...
... warming over time through the water column is evident (Fig. 2a). The 8-year trend in globally averaged temperature anomaly versus depth (Fig. 2b) illustrates the separation into upper layers with high interannual variability, and therefore large uncertainty in the trend, and deeper steadier warming ...
Effects of Global Warming on Precipitable Water Vapor Above Sub
... Global warming over the last century is an established fact. Ground-based temperatures averaged over the year and averaged over the earth have increased by about 0.6 C. Relating this measured increase in global temperature to increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is somewhat conjectur ...
... Global warming over the last century is an established fact. Ground-based temperatures averaged over the year and averaged over the earth have increased by about 0.6 C. Relating this measured increase in global temperature to increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is somewhat conjectur ...
Thermal bioclimate analysis for Europe and Italy
... specific regions of Europe. The Mediterranean area resulted the more markedly affected by AGW impacts of the whole European region (fig. 1) and the highest economic risks were evidenced in southern countries. For the bioclimatic evaluation of a specific location or area the analysis of single meteorolog ...
... specific regions of Europe. The Mediterranean area resulted the more markedly affected by AGW impacts of the whole European region (fig. 1) and the highest economic risks were evidenced in southern countries. For the bioclimatic evaluation of a specific location or area the analysis of single meteorolog ...
Arctic and Alpine Permafrost - Atmospheric Sciences at UNBC
... been retreating during the past decades: Syslov (1961) reports that the permafrost extent at Mezen (Russia) has retreated northward at an average rate of 400 m per year since 1837, whereas similar findings have been reported for the Mackenzie Valley of Canada. • Although permafrost is temperature de ...
... been retreating during the past decades: Syslov (1961) reports that the permafrost extent at Mezen (Russia) has retreated northward at an average rate of 400 m per year since 1837, whereas similar findings have been reported for the Mackenzie Valley of Canada. • Although permafrost is temperature de ...
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... the development of a more rapid and effective public transportation system and produced various other social and environmental benefits. At the global level, however, there is strong evidence that urban densities have generally been declining over the past two centuries (UNFPA, 2007). Perhaps the m ...
... the development of a more rapid and effective public transportation system and produced various other social and environmental benefits. At the global level, however, there is strong evidence that urban densities have generally been declining over the past two centuries (UNFPA, 2007). Perhaps the m ...
Temperature (Word) - Narragansett Bay Estuary Program
... conclusions of Morrill and colleagues, as the river has warmed 0.95°C (1.7°F) from 1946-2008, driven by warming air temperatures (Seekell and Pace 2011). According to climate models produced through the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and the Climate System Research Center at the Un ...
... conclusions of Morrill and colleagues, as the river has warmed 0.95°C (1.7°F) from 1946-2008, driven by warming air temperatures (Seekell and Pace 2011). According to climate models produced through the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and the Climate System Research Center at the Un ...
A Global Warming: Correcting the Data Surface temperatures are rising, but probably
... ll historical temperature records agree: the planet is warmer than it was. But those histories are subject to a number of biases, some of which are obvious while others are very subtle. The most obvious bias is that weather stations in cities do not need “global warming” in order to report warmer te ...
... ll historical temperature records agree: the planet is warmer than it was. But those histories are subject to a number of biases, some of which are obvious while others are very subtle. The most obvious bias is that weather stations in cities do not need “global warming” in order to report warmer te ...
sinergee - University of Reading, Meteorology
... O1. Combine satellite radiation budget measurements with atmospheric reanalyses, providing improved 2D estimates of surface heat fluxes across the ocean surface (WP1) O2. Calculate global 3D ocean heat content and its changes since 2003 using ARGO and ship-based observations, leading to improved und ...
... O1. Combine satellite radiation budget measurements with atmospheric reanalyses, providing improved 2D estimates of surface heat fluxes across the ocean surface (WP1) O2. Calculate global 3D ocean heat content and its changes since 2003 using ARGO and ship-based observations, leading to improved und ...
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... Martens performed a meta-analysis of eight earlier studies of the effects of small changes in temperature on cardio-vascular and respiratory mortality. These eight studies look at trends in mortality in a few areas around the world – most of them in cold climates – and report evidence of a “V-shaped ...
... Martens performed a meta-analysis of eight earlier studies of the effects of small changes in temperature on cardio-vascular and respiratory mortality. These eight studies look at trends in mortality in a few areas around the world – most of them in cold climates – and report evidence of a “V-shaped ...
Written Testimony - The National Academies of Sciences
... regarding human-induced global warming would not be substantively altered if, for example, the global mean surface temperature 1,000 years ago was found to be as warm as it is today. This is because reconstructions of surface temperature do not tell us why the climate is changing. To answer that que ...
... regarding human-induced global warming would not be substantively altered if, for example, the global mean surface temperature 1,000 years ago was found to be as warm as it is today. This is because reconstructions of surface temperature do not tell us why the climate is changing. To answer that que ...
2008 - example questions with answers
... - Heating and cooling: Using excess heat from exhausts or the coldness of the ground can lower the heating and cooling energy. - Load related: (maximum heating and cooling load) The design of the building can lower these loads by providing enough ventilation, by lowering the maximum load means less ...
... - Heating and cooling: Using excess heat from exhausts or the coldness of the ground can lower the heating and cooling energy. - Load related: (maximum heating and cooling load) The design of the building can lower these loads by providing enough ventilation, by lowering the maximum load means less ...
1/8 An experimental model to understand
... container, not forgetting that the set-up represents the Earth and sun etc, thus they must find realistic solutions (for example, switching the lamp off to reduce the temperature would be the same as extinguishing the sun, which is not possible). 3. If you wish, set a more precise challenge to the p ...
... container, not forgetting that the set-up represents the Earth and sun etc, thus they must find realistic solutions (for example, switching the lamp off to reduce the temperature would be the same as extinguishing the sun, which is not possible). 3. If you wish, set a more precise challenge to the p ...
Urban Areas - Southwest Climate Assessment Report
... regions and rely on large-scale, federally built water storage and conveyance structures, will be less reliable due to higher temperatures, reduced snowpack, and other factors, including possibly reduced precipitation. (high confidence) • Some Southwest cities are likely to experience greater numbe ...
... regions and rely on large-scale, federally built water storage and conveyance structures, will be less reliable due to higher temperatures, reduced snowpack, and other factors, including possibly reduced precipitation. (high confidence) • Some Southwest cities are likely to experience greater numbe ...
Outcome - WWW-Docs for TU
... • Andreas Gravert (University of Technology, Cottbus) • Ralf Kersten (University of Technology, Cottbus) ...
... • Andreas Gravert (University of Technology, Cottbus) • Ralf Kersten (University of Technology, Cottbus) ...
Heat and drought 2003 in Europe: a climate synthesis
... Freiburg, southwestern Germany, was in the relatively driest area in Europe in summer 2003 (Fig. 3). From February 2003 until June 2004, every month was drier than normal with the exception of October 2003 and January 2004. 2.3. Sunshine duration A map of global radiation in summer 2003 (Fig. 4) as ...
... Freiburg, southwestern Germany, was in the relatively driest area in Europe in summer 2003 (Fig. 3). From February 2003 until June 2004, every month was drier than normal with the exception of October 2003 and January 2004. 2.3. Sunshine duration A map of global radiation in summer 2003 (Fig. 4) as ...
NRDC: Killer Summer Heat - Projected Death Toll from Rising
... elderly people and young children. City dwellers are also at particular risk because of elevated temperatures in cities (the urban heat island effect) brought about by the heatmagnifying effect of paved surfaces and the lack of tree cover. ...
... elderly people and young children. City dwellers are also at particular risk because of elevated temperatures in cities (the urban heat island effect) brought about by the heatmagnifying effect of paved surfaces and the lack of tree cover. ...
Ten Overlooked Issues in the IPCC and US National Assessments of Climate Change
... by the American Association of State Climatologists 1. Past climate is a useful guide to the future - Assessing past climate conditions provides a very effective analysis tool to assess societal and environmental vulnerability to future climate, regardless of the extent the future climate is altered ...
... by the American Association of State Climatologists 1. Past climate is a useful guide to the future - Assessing past climate conditions provides a very effective analysis tool to assess societal and environmental vulnerability to future climate, regardless of the extent the future climate is altered ...
EGT applying urban warming REVISIONS.docx
... institutional void within policy and planning. Dutch law does not formalize a specific policy process for dealing with urban climate, nor does it warrant knowledge production on the effects of city design upon the urban microclimate, in contrast to flood or environmental policies. The Dutch Building ...
... institutional void within policy and planning. Dutch law does not formalize a specific policy process for dealing with urban climate, nor does it warrant knowledge production on the effects of city design upon the urban microclimate, in contrast to flood or environmental policies. The Dutch Building ...
Robust projections of combined humidity and temperature extremes
... increased by tens of thousands of additional casualties1 . Apart from excessive temperature anomalies, other factors such as humidity, radiation, low winds and air pollution potentially contributed to the enhanced mortality and more generally to the human discomfort. Likewise, many other socio-econo ...
... increased by tens of thousands of additional casualties1 . Apart from excessive temperature anomalies, other factors such as humidity, radiation, low winds and air pollution potentially contributed to the enhanced mortality and more generally to the human discomfort. Likewise, many other socio-econo ...
Recent warming trends inferred from borehole temperature data in
... 1, 5 °C) while, the borehole 291–50 presents a temperature increase of 3 °C during these fifty years (Table 1). Though the four boreholes are not very far from each other (1500–8500 m), and surface conditions remain similar with no identified recent change, these GSTH vary from one borehole to the oth ...
... 1, 5 °C) while, the borehole 291–50 presents a temperature increase of 3 °C during these fifty years (Table 1). Though the four boreholes are not very far from each other (1500–8500 m), and surface conditions remain similar with no identified recent change, these GSTH vary from one borehole to the oth ...
Climate Change and Hazards in San Diego
... heat wave is defined as at least one day with the temperature reaching 83 oF or higher. For inland areas, a heat wave is at least one day with the temperature reaching 116 degrees oF or higher. By this definition, heat waves occur about 2 times per year in San Diego’s present climate. However, heat ...
... heat wave is defined as at least one day with the temperature reaching 83 oF or higher. For inland areas, a heat wave is at least one day with the temperature reaching 116 degrees oF or higher. By this definition, heat waves occur about 2 times per year in San Diego’s present climate. However, heat ...
Top Ten Overlooked Issues in Climate Change Science Roger A. Pielke Sr.
... 1. Past climate is a useful guide to the future - Assessing past climate conditions provides a very effective analysis tool to assess societal and environmental vulnerability to future climate, regardless of the extent the future climate is altered by human activity. Our current and future vulnerabi ...
... 1. Past climate is a useful guide to the future - Assessing past climate conditions provides a very effective analysis tool to assess societal and environmental vulnerability to future climate, regardless of the extent the future climate is altered by human activity. Our current and future vulnerabi ...
Urban heat island
An urban heat island (UHI) is a city or metropolitan area that is significantly warmer than its surrounding rural areas due to human activities. The phenomenon was first investigated and described by Luke Howard in the 1810s, although he was not the one to name the phenomenon. The temperature difference usually is larger at night than during the day, and is most apparent when winds are weak. UHI is most noticeable during the summer and winter. The main cause of the urban heat island effect is from the modification of land surfaces. Waste heat generated by energy usage is a secondary contributor. As a population center grows, it tends to expand its area and increase its average temperature. The less-used term heat island refers to any area, populated or not, which is consistently hotter than the surrounding area.Monthly rainfall is greater downwind of cities, partially due to the UHI. Increases in heat within urban centers increases the length of growing seasons, and decreases the occurrence of weak tornadoes. The UHI decreases air quality by increasing the production of pollutants such as ozone, and decreases water quality as warmer waters flow into area streams and put stress on their ecosystems.Not all cities have a distinct urban heat island. Mitigation of the urban heat island effect can be accomplished through the use of green roofs and the use of lighter-colored surfaces in urban areas, which reflect more sunlight and absorb less heat.There are concerns raised about possible contribution from urban heat islands to global warming. Research on China and India indicates that urban heat island effect contributes to climate warming by about 30%. On the other hand, one 1999 comparison between urban and rural areas proposed that the urban heat island effects have little influence on global mean temperature trends. Many studies reveal increases in the severity of the effect with the progress of climate change.