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Policy options for, and constraints on, effective adaptation for rivers
Policy options for, and constraints on, effective adaptation for rivers

... policy challenge for all tiers of government in Australia. Projections of sea-level rise, more intense storms and cyclones, and increased severity of floods and droughts will have profound effects on coastal resources. More critically, the onset of impacts is likely to occur sooner and at larger sca ...
Climate Change and Public Health 101
Climate Change and Public Health 101

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Clever Name, Losing Game?
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A in West Africa

... European Union, -7% for the USA but, on the contrary, +8% for Norway and +10% for Iceland. Many of the protocol signatory countries would have difficulty in complying with these ratios. Three so-called “flexibility” mechanisms were developed to facilitate actions to be undertaken with regard to the ...
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Climate Change and Public Health 101
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Ephemeral Pond - Wisconsin Initiative on Climate Change Impacts

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... 400 mm to about 1000 mm, with an average of 733 mm (ibid). Climate change projections by Bergant (2006) indicate that the average temperature will increase by 1oC and 1.9oC by 2025 and 2050, respectively. In addition, due to temperature increases, the mean precipitation for corresponding periods is ...
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Economics of global warming

There are a number of policies that governments might consider in response to global warming. The assessment of such policies involves the economics of global warming.Global warming is a long-term problem. One of the most important greenhouse gases is carbon dioxide. Around 20% of carbon dioxide which is emitted due to human activities can remain in the atmosphere for many thousands of years. The long time scales and uncertainty associated with global warming have led analysts to develop ""scenarios"" of future environmental, social and economic changes. These scenarios can help governments understand the potential consequences of their decisions.The impacts of climate change include the loss of biodiversity, sea level rise, increased frequency and severity of some extreme weather events, and acidification of the oceans. Economists have attempted to quantify these impacts in monetary terms, but these assessments can be controversial.The two main policy responses to global warming are to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (climate change mitigation) and to adapt to the impacts of global warming (e.g., by building levees in response to sea level rise). Another policy response which has recently received greater attention is geoengineering of the climate system (e.g. injecting aerosols into the atmosphere to reflect sunlight away from the Earth's surface).One of the responses to the uncertainties of global warming is to adopt a strategy of sequential decision making. This strategy recognizes that decisions on global warming need to be made with incomplete information, and that decisions in the near term will have potentially long-term impacts. Governments might choose to use risk management as part of their policy response to global warming. For instance, a risk-based approach can be applied to climate impacts which are difficult to quantify in economic terms, e.g., the impacts of global warming on indigenous peoples.Analysts have assessed global warming in relation to sustainable development. Sustainable development considers how future generations might be affected by the actions of the current generation. In some areas, policies designed to address global warming may contribute positively towards other development objectives. In other areas, the cost of global warming policies may divert resources away from other socially and environmentally beneficial investments (the opportunity costs of climate change policy).
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