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CAMEL Climate Course
CAMEL Climate Course

... Using the 1992 Pinatubo eruption and two others chosen from the dates above, plot the average annual global temperature from one year prior to the eruption and 5 years afterward. This will give you one graph with three time series. (Remember that for this lab, you will put all graphs that you made i ...
Natural Disaster, Risk and Catastrophic Scenarios: a Review.
Natural Disaster, Risk and Catastrophic Scenarios: a Review.

... choices able to gain political consideration (Stern, 2006), (Tol and Yohe, 2006), (Dietz et al., 2007), (Tol and Yohe, 2007), (Ackerman et al., 2009), (Sterner and Persson, 2008), (Weitzman, 2009). Consequently, the more controversial debate arising in the literature regards the value of discount fa ...
臺灣氣候變遷議題推動成果
臺灣氣候變遷議題推動成果

... In 2008, Taiwan’s carbon dioxide emissions due to fossil fuel combustion saw their first decline since 1990, and annual emissions from 2008 to 2013 declined by an average of 0.4%, showing that there have been clear improvements compared to the period 2004-2007, when emissions experienced an average ...
Changing probabilities of daily temperature extremes in the UK
Changing probabilities of daily temperature extremes in the UK

... parameter. In order to include the effects of the climate change scenarios considered, the mean of this distribution is increased by the scenario change in temperature. This implies changes to both a and P, which have implications for the variance of this distribution (defi.ned as a p 2 ) .To pertur ...
Global Warming - Web of Creation
Global Warming - Web of Creation

... surface water is more salty than the water below, and therefore, it is more dense, and it sinks, in a process called “flushing.” The water drops to the bottom of the ocean and the current moves down the coast of Africa deep in the ocean. As it drops, more water is pulled up from the Gulf Stream to r ...
PPTX - Global Carbon Project
PPTX - Global Carbon Project

... Corinne Le Quéré Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, Uni. of East Anglia, UK Róisín Moriarty Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, Uni. of East Anglia, UK Robbie Andrew Center for International Climate & Environmental Research - Oslo (CICERO), Norway Glen Peters Center for Internationa ...
Chapter 5: Pacific Island Developing Country Water Resources and
Chapter 5: Pacific Island Developing Country Water Resources and

... As one commentator has observed, “[O]ne ironic and tragic aspect of this environmental crisis of greenhouse emissions is the fact that those parts of the world least responsible for creating the global warming problem will be the first to suffer its horrifying consequences” (Panjabi 1993, Burns 2000 ...
Building up for Paris - Green European Foundation
Building up for Paris - Green European Foundation

... which do not allow adequate adaptation. The stakes are very high for the Conference in Paris, because as a result it must the first time have an international binding climate agreement for limiting global warming to below 2°C, since with every degree above that the impacts of climate change become i ...
HEALTH,Climate change _UNFCCC submissionMSVK, RM (1)
HEALTH,Climate change _UNFCCC submissionMSVK, RM (1)

... health vulnerability to climate change were likely to occur. By defining areas of increased risk and exposure, the country was able to provide a firm foundation for health officials, planners and decision makers to develop and focus adaptation strategies, highlighting the relationships between clima ...
The Annual Cycle of Atmospheric Energy Transfer
The Annual Cycle of Atmospheric Energy Transfer

... longwave radiation of 2.8 W m-2 (Fig. 4) (although this does not translate into OLR). The net imbalance is estimated to be ∼0.5 PW (0.9 W m-2, 0.4%) owing to the responses of the climate system (Fig. 4). These values are small enough to yet be directly measured from space, but their consequences can ...
KEY MESSAGES FOR COP 20 AND 4:17 pm
KEY MESSAGES FOR COP 20 AND 4:17 pm

... 26. We must develop a gender-responsive approach to all climate actions and policies, on mitigation and adaptation, as well as means of implementation, including finance, technology and capacity building, oriented towards the recognition, protection and implementation of women’s human rights. 27. Ge ...
PDF
PDF

... The ability to sustain livelihoods may be highly compromised under rapidly changing and uncertain climactic conditions, as well as a rapidly evolving climate regime which drives rapidly changing fuel prices. To maintain livelihoods, development strategies must explicitly incorporate knowledge of exi ...
A noodle, hockey stick, and spaghetti plate: a perspective on high-resolution paleoclimatology
A noodle, hockey stick, and spaghetti plate: a perspective on high-resolution paleoclimatology

... publication (2 tables, 1 figure, 10 references) is the first quantitative reconstruction of NH temperatures, novel methodological aspects of the paper appear to have only recently been re-discovered. Such aspects include: separate calibration for all predictor subsets, timevarying error bars, and me ...
Key Steps: Mitigation
Key Steps: Mitigation

...  To be able to participate in the mechanisms that will be created ...
CATS Annual Report 2012-13
CATS Annual Report 2012-13

... Funded by the Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences’ Risk Prediction Initiative, this project aims to provide a platform for the open and fair comparison of a variety of different forecasts. CATS has provided for the insurance industry an evaluation of seasonal forecast skill. This has proven an inter ...
Effects of Climate Change on Arctic Ecosystems fact
Effects of Climate Change on Arctic Ecosystems fact

... threat than climate change. On the other hand, polar bears are dependent on the sea ice in order to hunt seals. The massive reduction in the extent of arctic sea ice coverage will limit access to seals and could rapidly result in polar bears experiencing survival problems. (For further information, ...
Exploring Late Pleistocene climate variations
Exploring Late Pleistocene climate variations

... Major strengths of these records are their very high stratigraphic resolution (sub-annual in upper parts) and the many paleoenvironmental proxies represented. Changes in many of these proxies can be directly compared with each other with no phase uncertainty, although critical uncertainties exist in ...
Dealing With Complexity and Extreme Events Using a Bottom-Up,
Dealing With Complexity and Extreme Events Using a Bottom-Up,

... of the major threats to local and regional water, food, energy, human health, and ecosystem function resources from extreme events including those from climate but also from other social and environmental issues. After these threats are identified for each resource, then the relative risks can be com ...
2013年1月12日托福写作真题回忆
2013年1月12日托福写作真题回忆

... atmospheric CO2 easily. The Earth, however, reradiates much of the received energy as long-wavelength radiation, which CO2 absorbs and then remits toward the Earth. This phenomenon, known as the greenhouse effect, can result in an increase in the surface temperature of a planet. An extreme example o ...
The Climate Change Debate in the United
The Climate Change Debate in the United

... 1970's a consensus between scientists formed on the implication of greenhouse gases in the process, and that these emissions created by human activities were deeply influencing the Climate. Since the 1990's the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has produced a scientific consensus that human ...
- Wiley Online Library
- Wiley Online Library

... tracks (Chang et al., 2012; Scheff & Frierson, 2012; Yongyun et al., 2012; Cabre et al., 2015). These changes in atmospheric circulation will in turn alter ocean surface wind stress curl, primarily along the gyres’ poleward boundaries, contributing to gyre expansion. Change in the biophysical marin ...
PowerPoint presentation (PPT file)
PowerPoint presentation (PPT file)

... attributable to designated LULUCF activities. First, each applicable activity's impact on carbon stocks is determined per unit area. This impact is multiplied by the area on which each activity occurs. ...
PDF
PDF

... reported that climate change was occurring and asserted that climate change was the consequence of human activities. Most (91.23%) were certain that climate change is adversely affecting their farming businesses. Many (mean=1.40) found climate change information not easily comprehensible. However th ...
18_3eTIF
18_3eTIF

... Answer: Nearly all environmental scientists agree that Earth's atmosphere and climate are changing. Most environmental scientists have concluded that human activity, particularly the emission of greenhouse gases, is the primary reason for this change. Scientists express conclusions as probabilities, ...
National contributions to observed global warming
National contributions to observed global warming

... national climate contributions due to non-CO2 gases represents a mixture of industrial and agricultural sources of emissions, with the result that current areas of extensive agricultural production in the developing world emerge as large contributors alongside more developed countries. Finally, the ...
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Economics of global warming

There are a number of policies that governments might consider in response to global warming. The assessment of such policies involves the economics of global warming.Global warming is a long-term problem. One of the most important greenhouse gases is carbon dioxide. Around 20% of carbon dioxide which is emitted due to human activities can remain in the atmosphere for many thousands of years. The long time scales and uncertainty associated with global warming have led analysts to develop ""scenarios"" of future environmental, social and economic changes. These scenarios can help governments understand the potential consequences of their decisions.The impacts of climate change include the loss of biodiversity, sea level rise, increased frequency and severity of some extreme weather events, and acidification of the oceans. Economists have attempted to quantify these impacts in monetary terms, but these assessments can be controversial.The two main policy responses to global warming are to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (climate change mitigation) and to adapt to the impacts of global warming (e.g., by building levees in response to sea level rise). Another policy response which has recently received greater attention is geoengineering of the climate system (e.g. injecting aerosols into the atmosphere to reflect sunlight away from the Earth's surface).One of the responses to the uncertainties of global warming is to adopt a strategy of sequential decision making. This strategy recognizes that decisions on global warming need to be made with incomplete information, and that decisions in the near term will have potentially long-term impacts. Governments might choose to use risk management as part of their policy response to global warming. For instance, a risk-based approach can be applied to climate impacts which are difficult to quantify in economic terms, e.g., the impacts of global warming on indigenous peoples.Analysts have assessed global warming in relation to sustainable development. Sustainable development considers how future generations might be affected by the actions of the current generation. In some areas, policies designed to address global warming may contribute positively towards other development objectives. In other areas, the cost of global warming policies may divert resources away from other socially and environmentally beneficial investments (the opportunity costs of climate change policy).
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