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... Note: The data cover over 200 countries for more recent years. Data are not available for all countries in the 19th century, but all major emitters of the era are included. Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from energy include all fossil-­fuel burning, gas flaring, and cement production. Greenhouse gas ...
Means and extremes: building variability into
Means and extremes: building variability into

... increases in mean meteorological quantities (e.g. temperature, precipitation, solar radiation and wind) (‘trend effects’; Jentsch et al. 2007), but also the variability of these quantities. It is becoming clear both from climate modelling and from trends in climate, that future climate will be chara ...
Integrating Indigenous Knowledge Systems into Climate Change
Integrating Indigenous Knowledge Systems into Climate Change

... sustainability and the repository of IKS. This paper recognizes the power of IKS and proposes a strategy to incorporate it into climate interpretation. Whilst the indicators of climate change like changes in precipitation, temperature, runoff, biodiversity and ecosystems, water resources, oceanic ci ...
Intended National Determined Contribution (INDC)
Intended National Determined Contribution (INDC)

... combat   global   warming,   progressively   outlining   its   own   vision   while   complying   with   decisions   taken   collectively   at   the   international   level.   Morocco's   vision   to   address   climate   change  is  as  follows: ...
PDF
PDF

... countries have mainly an interest in raising the level of environmental policies, which mainly yield the protection of the global commons like the world’s climate.5 In contrast, developing countries prefer policies whose main joint output is the protection of the local/regional environment. Aunan e ...
Internalizing Climate Change—Scientific Resource Management and the Climate Change Challenges
Internalizing Climate Change—Scientific Resource Management and the Climate Change Challenges

... 7. An important aspect of the earth systems underlying future climate changes and climate-change effects is their capacity to produce climatechange surprises (Cox 2005; Burkett et al. 2005). Because of the complexity and interconnected processes in the global climate system and in the Bay-Delta eco ...
In the Post-2012 Climate Regime
In the Post-2012 Climate Regime

... • GDP per capita (Australia, Japan, Turkey and others) It is questionable if competitiveness fears in • relative rates of economic and population the industrialized world are legitimate concerns growth, stage of economic development, structuring of economies emissions, within the climate regime, a ...
- Climatelinks
- Climatelinks

... and thus has limited resources to adapt to projected increases in temperature and extreme weather events. Over 85 percent of the population lives in urban areas, mostly near the coast, where water is more accessible. Water access has long been a concern for Libyans, and is expected to remain highly ...
History of the greenhouse effect
History of the greenhouse effect

... of the many remaining scientific uncertainties. This question is not one which should be directed to climatic scientists since it requires a value judgement, not a scientific evaluation. The question is simply whether individuals or the societies which they comprise fear rapid future change, which i ...
- Wiley Online Library
- Wiley Online Library

... change [Randall et al., 2007]. Associated with this feedback is an increase in OLR due to differential surface and tropospheric warming, the so-called lapse rate feedback, which partially offsets the increased greenhouse effect from water vapor [Randall et al., 2007]. Decreases in snow and ice reduc ...
Arctic Climate Impact Assessment Policy Document
Arctic Climate Impact Assessment Policy Document

... Member States (Canada, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Russia, Sweden and the United States) and six Permanent Participants (Arctic Athabaskan Council, Aleut International Association, Gwich’in Council International, Inuit Circumpolar Conference, Russian Association of Indigenous Peoples of the N ...
Global warming due to increasing absorbed solar radiation
Global warming due to increasing absorbed solar radiation

... change [Randall et al., 2007]. Associated with this feedback is an increase in OLR due to differential surface and tropospheric warming, the so-called lapse rate feedback, which partially offsets the increased greenhouse effect from water vapor [Randall et al., 2007]. Decreases in snow and ice reduc ...
Adapting portfolios to climate change
Adapting portfolios to climate change

... infrastructure and government incentives are needed to meet emissions-reduction targets. These present large investment risks and opportunities. Most countries have signed the Paris Agreement to limit global warming to less than two degrees Celsius (2°C) above pre-industrial levels – the threshold w ...
Document
Document

... nature, extent, and variability of socio-economic impacts from climate change and appropriate policy responses. On one issue, virtually all observers concur: the Kyoto Protocol is inadequate to the task at hand. The Protocol’s lone goal is to stabilize atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases ...
Word - Nature Works Everywhere
Word - Nature Works Everywhere

... various online resources including the States at Risk report card. They will see how their state stacks up against other states in terms of preparedness and can examine in more detail the areas where the state is ill-prepared. They will find climate resilience stories for areas with similar threats ...
Resources: - Real Science
Resources: - Real Science

... the number and variety of living things 5 carbon cycle how carbon circulates around the natural world 6 carbon dioxide a gas present at low levels in the atmosphere. It is produced by burning fossil fuels. It is a greenhouse gas. 7 carbon footprint the effect that human activities have on the climat ...
Climate Change - European Capacity Building Initiative
Climate Change - European Capacity Building Initiative

... for sustained capacity building in support of international climate change negotiations ...
Introduction - San Jose State University
Introduction - San Jose State University

... Radiative Forcing from the IPCC What does this part of the diagram mean? Increases in greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, N2O and Halocarbons) between 1750 through today (2000) have caused a 2.4 Watts per meter squared increase in the earth’s radiation budget. This by itself would warm the earth’s ...
Climate Change Effects on Sri Lankan Paddy Yield
Climate Change Effects on Sri Lankan Paddy Yield

... – agricultural sector is facing many challenges due to growing global populations, land degradation and loss of cropland to urbanization. – despite the advances achieved in food production to keep in pace with population growth, recently the world has seen many serious regional deficits and poverty ...
Protected Area Policies and Climate Change: The Case of the
Protected Area Policies and Climate Change: The Case of the

... selection and management policies to respond to current and anticipated climatic changes. More intrusive forms of management, for instance, may be required to preserve some form of tree cover on prairie island forests (Henderson et al. 2002). The introduction of exotic tree species is one potential ...
A Case Study of Biofuels and Solar Energy
A Case Study of Biofuels and Solar Energy

... modeling shows a reversal of this scenario by 2100, where approximately 67% will be in the next dryness class, that is, between the indexes 0.9 and 2.0. The areas in desertification, north of Bahia and in specific situations of Pará, will suffer a 0.2% increase in area extension until the end of the ...
Building ecosystem resilience for climate change adaptation in the
Building ecosystem resilience for climate change adaptation in the

... for climate change adaptation in the Asian highlands Jianchu Xu1,2∗ and R. Edward Grumbine1,2 The Asian Highlands, the vast mountainous area from Pakistan to China including the Hindu-Kush Himalaya and Tibetan Plateau, have considerable global importance; they are the source of most of the major riv ...
16-page guide to the science of climate change
16-page guide to the science of climate change

... Electromagnetic (EM) energy may sound exotic, but it’s actually very common. Light from the sun, microwave energy, radio waves, and even heat— all things we encounter on a daily basis — are types of electromagnetic energy. EM energy travels in the form of a wave — that is, it fluctuates between “pea ...
 
 

... Chapter 4, on “Terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems”, assesses economically important areas, including forestry, biomass energy, and opportunities for carbon trading. For all chapters in this section, but especially for Chapters 4 and 6, it will be important to work closely with WGI to insure harmo ...
Citation
Citation

... finding significant correlations between a cause and an effect, while eliminating as many confounding factors as possible; it is the scientific proof these studies search for. On the other hand, in exploring land use design alternatives that might be acceptable and effective at the local level, the ...
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Economics of global warming

There are a number of policies that governments might consider in response to global warming. The assessment of such policies involves the economics of global warming.Global warming is a long-term problem. One of the most important greenhouse gases is carbon dioxide. Around 20% of carbon dioxide which is emitted due to human activities can remain in the atmosphere for many thousands of years. The long time scales and uncertainty associated with global warming have led analysts to develop ""scenarios"" of future environmental, social and economic changes. These scenarios can help governments understand the potential consequences of their decisions.The impacts of climate change include the loss of biodiversity, sea level rise, increased frequency and severity of some extreme weather events, and acidification of the oceans. Economists have attempted to quantify these impacts in monetary terms, but these assessments can be controversial.The two main policy responses to global warming are to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (climate change mitigation) and to adapt to the impacts of global warming (e.g., by building levees in response to sea level rise). Another policy response which has recently received greater attention is geoengineering of the climate system (e.g. injecting aerosols into the atmosphere to reflect sunlight away from the Earth's surface).One of the responses to the uncertainties of global warming is to adopt a strategy of sequential decision making. This strategy recognizes that decisions on global warming need to be made with incomplete information, and that decisions in the near term will have potentially long-term impacts. Governments might choose to use risk management as part of their policy response to global warming. For instance, a risk-based approach can be applied to climate impacts which are difficult to quantify in economic terms, e.g., the impacts of global warming on indigenous peoples.Analysts have assessed global warming in relation to sustainable development. Sustainable development considers how future generations might be affected by the actions of the current generation. In some areas, policies designed to address global warming may contribute positively towards other development objectives. In other areas, the cost of global warming policies may divert resources away from other socially and environmentally beneficial investments (the opportunity costs of climate change policy).
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