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The Kyoto Protocol, Citizens` Suits under the Clean Air Act, and the
The Kyoto Protocol, Citizens` Suits under the Clean Air Act, and the

... The Earth's atmosphere is comprised of an amalgam of gases, including a class of gases which retain heat known as greenhouse gases.2 ' Greenhouse gases, while just a fragment of the Earth's total atmosphere, serve a vital role by "keep[ing] the Earth at a temperature that sustains life as we know it ...
Climate change in Australia | Murray Basin cluster report
Climate change in Australia | Murray Basin cluster report

... periods: the near future 2020–2039 (herein referred to as 2030) and late in the century 2080–2099 (herein referred to as 2090). The spread of model results are presented as the range between the 10th and 90th percentile in the CMIP5 ensemble output. For each time period, the model spread can be attr ...
Cognitive and affective risk judgements related to climate change
Cognitive and affective risk judgements related to climate change

... Current scientific knowledge indicates that the global climate is affected by human activities. The average global temperature has increased by approximately +0.7 °C during the last 100 years, and it is expected to increase more rapidly in the future. Conclusions about warming of the climate system ...
Chapter 4
Chapter 4

... binding treaties — the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC or Framework Convention), which established an institutional framework for addressing climate change, and the Kyoto Protocol, which imposed binding emission limitations on some developed countries. These are discussed in this C ...
Comparison of Monthly Temperature Extremes Simulated by CMIP3
Comparison of Monthly Temperature Extremes Simulated by CMIP3

... Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) are evaluated and compared with those from 24 models in the third phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP3). Comparisons with observations and reanalyses indicate that the models from both CMIP3 and CMIP5 perform well in simulating temperature extreme ...
Integrated climate and land use change scenarios for California
Integrated climate and land use change scenarios for California

... (Theobald 2005; Sleeter et al. 2011; Soulard and Wilson 2015; Cameron et al. 2014). Throughout California, grassland and shrubland area declined 513,100 ha between 1973 and 2000 (Sleeter et al. 2011). This loss of grassland and shrubland was prevalent in the foothills surrounding the Central Valley. ...
EIB Climate Strategy - European Investment Bank
EIB Climate Strategy - European Investment Bank

... dynamic market with products typically characterised by long maturities and cost efficiency. In the area of climate action, EU climate policies and instruments such as the Emissions Trading System (ETS), Adaptation Strategy or the 2030 Climate and Energy package are integrated into operationally rel ...
Climatic and non-climatic factors influencing
Climatic and non-climatic factors influencing

... asset profile are more likely to take up new farm interventions than those with poor asset profile. There is in fact relatively little evidence helping us to better understand what incentives and interventions, in different environments, will lead to enhanced adaptive capacity and resilience of smal ...
Adaptation at the negotiations
Adaptation at the negotiations

... participatory and fully transparent approach, taking into consideration vulnerable groups, communities and ecosystems • The best available science, and as appropriate traditional knowledge • Taking into account their common but differentiated responsibilities ...
Visualizing Future Climate in Latin America
Visualizing Future Climate in Latin America

... against storm surges; as they bleach, the reefs disintegrate and thus eliminate this protection; b) coral reefs in the Caribbean are hosts to fish nurseries for an estimated 65% of all species in the region; the collapse of these reefs may have widespread impacts on the ecology of the ocean; and c) ...
The Fifth Carbon Budget – The next step towards a low
The Fifth Carbon Budget – The next step towards a low

... recommend whether international aviation and/or international shipping (IAS) emissions should be included in carbon budgets. As we have previously recommended, in principle, these sectors should be included in carbon budgets unless there are strong practical considerations which prevent this. Where ...
Case study: Guatemala - CIAT-DAPA
Case study: Guatemala - CIAT-DAPA

... months decreases as well Farmer observed recently increasing climate variability Area is facing a geographical shift of some crops to western areas in Sololá Western areas in Sololá are presently important contributions to carbon sequestration (forests and coffee production) Broccoli remains on its ...
Climate change in Australia | East Coast cluster report
Climate change in Australia | East Coast cluster report

... periods: the near future 2020–2039 (herein referred to as 2030) and late in the century 2080–2099 (herein referred to as 2090). The spread of model results are presented as the range between the 10th and 90th percentile in the CMIP5 ensemble output. For each time period, the model spread can be attr ...
Future wave conditions at the German Baltic Sea Coast on
Future wave conditions at the German Baltic Sea Coast on

... paper, a hybrid approach has been established, based on statistical and numerical methods to calculate wave information. The approach uses wind data from numerical climate simulations as input data. In this study the changes in mean wind conditions are applied from the regional climate model (RCM) C ...
Complaint
Complaint

... 16. The burning of fossil fuels results in the emission of greenhouse gases that become  trapped in the atmosphere. As these gases accumulate, they prevent heat from radiating  back into outer space and lead to increased average temperatures on the surface of the  Earth. See Exhibit A.  17. This inc ...
Climate: Observations, projections and impacts
Climate: Observations, projections and impacts

... available to the researchers in the project was used, unless there were good scientific reasons for not doing so. For example, some impacts areas were omitted, such as many of those associated with human health. In this case, these impacts are strongly dependant on local factors and do not easily le ...
Vulnerability, Environmental Security, and Adaptation Awareness in
Vulnerability, Environmental Security, and Adaptation Awareness in

... Assessments,” the sectors of Samoa most vulnerable to climate change include agriculture, biodiversity, water resources, coastal areas, and human health (Hay, 2000). Clearly, the presence of sea level rise is blatant, and the impacts only continue to emerge across multiple spheres of Samoan society. ...
Overview of linkages between gender and climate change – Africa
Overview of linkages between gender and climate change – Africa

... 8. Vulnerability is key to understanding the gender differential in climate change. Literally, it means susceptibility to the ill effects of climate change. In scientific terms, vulnerability carries with it the concepts of exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity (see Box 4 for definitions). T ...
Making Science Useful to Decision Makers: Climate
Making Science Useful to Decision Makers: Climate

... and forecast producers show that mutual learning informed by climate information can occur among different disciplines and between scientists and managers. We focus on the role of knowledge networks as vehicles for bridging the gap between knowledge and action. These are composed of policy makers, s ...
Session Description - Resilient Cities 2015
Session Description - Resilient Cities 2015

... Greenhouse Gas (GHG) mitigation and adaptation actions. To be able to measure the impacts of these actions, the CoT endeavoured to develop both a mitigation and adaptation baseline so that progress and results can be assessed. The workshop will provide information on the process followed in the base ...
Climate change and the natural heritage
Climate change and the natural heritage

... natural heritage, and how these changes or trends can be influenced or managed. There is a need for better understanding of the changes likely in the range and distribution of species and habitats, and of the effect on ecosystems and landscapes as well as on people’s dependence on these. Changes may ...
Investigation of the effects of increases in agricultural productivity
Investigation of the effects of increases in agricultural productivity

... with sustainability concerns it is necessary to consider if the productivity increase comes at an expense; if a productivity increase comes at the expense of particular input such as energy. Showing the trade-offs is seen as an important issue in this task. The IPCC scenarios imply several severe cl ...
21st Century Reversal of the Surface Ozone Seasonal Cycle over
21st Century Reversal of the Surface Ozone Seasonal Cycle over

... Month of peak monthly mean surface O3 (3 ensemble member mean) ...
Distinguishing the relative impacts of climate change and human
Distinguishing the relative impacts of climate change and human

... press; Zhan et al., in press). Lahmer et al. (2001) indicated that climate change is the dominant factor that affects the change of streamflow in wet regions, while human activities such as some extreme land-use change only resulted in comparatively small impacts on regional water balance. Similar re ...
StudentS take on climate StorieS
StudentS take on climate StorieS

... Newington Library also said, ‘I don’t think it’s unattractive, I think it actually helps the world.’ So, what do the experts think? Andrew Haigh of architects Foster + Partners (not the designers of Strata), pointed out that ‘the problem with wind energy is that it is intermittent and it comes from ...
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Economics of global warming

There are a number of policies that governments might consider in response to global warming. The assessment of such policies involves the economics of global warming.Global warming is a long-term problem. One of the most important greenhouse gases is carbon dioxide. Around 20% of carbon dioxide which is emitted due to human activities can remain in the atmosphere for many thousands of years. The long time scales and uncertainty associated with global warming have led analysts to develop ""scenarios"" of future environmental, social and economic changes. These scenarios can help governments understand the potential consequences of their decisions.The impacts of climate change include the loss of biodiversity, sea level rise, increased frequency and severity of some extreme weather events, and acidification of the oceans. Economists have attempted to quantify these impacts in monetary terms, but these assessments can be controversial.The two main policy responses to global warming are to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (climate change mitigation) and to adapt to the impacts of global warming (e.g., by building levees in response to sea level rise). Another policy response which has recently received greater attention is geoengineering of the climate system (e.g. injecting aerosols into the atmosphere to reflect sunlight away from the Earth's surface).One of the responses to the uncertainties of global warming is to adopt a strategy of sequential decision making. This strategy recognizes that decisions on global warming need to be made with incomplete information, and that decisions in the near term will have potentially long-term impacts. Governments might choose to use risk management as part of their policy response to global warming. For instance, a risk-based approach can be applied to climate impacts which are difficult to quantify in economic terms, e.g., the impacts of global warming on indigenous peoples.Analysts have assessed global warming in relation to sustainable development. Sustainable development considers how future generations might be affected by the actions of the current generation. In some areas, policies designed to address global warming may contribute positively towards other development objectives. In other areas, the cost of global warming policies may divert resources away from other socially and environmentally beneficial investments (the opportunity costs of climate change policy).
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