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DOC - Europa.eu
DOC - Europa.eu

... 18. How is EU responding to negative voices against aviation inclusion to EU ETS? The EU is committed to tackling climate change in a comprehensive and costeffective manner, and we have implemented economy wide legislation to reduce emissions. The EU's 2009 law including aviation into the EU ETS is ...
Why recognising variability and scale matters for t
Why recognising variability and scale matters for t

... new way to simulate dynamic process of coupled human-nature land system with a bottom-up perspective. It takes households as study objects, and emphasizes human’s subjective initiatives which can present dynamics and heterogeneities spatially and temporally, while traditional models cannot. Marginal ...
Impact of weather on commuter cyclist behaviour and implications
Impact of weather on commuter cyclist behaviour and implications

... caused greatest variation and wind caused the least variation in bicycling demand in Netherlands. Winters et al (2007) examined the association of utilitarian cycling with precipitation and temperature in Canadian cities and found that more days of precipitation per year and more days of freezing t ...
Coastal habitats shield people and property from sea
Coastal habitats shield people and property from sea

... medium (centre 50%) and low (lower 25%) proportions are based on the quantiles of the two distributions (ratio of poor or elderly to total population) across the two sea-level-rise scenarios. ...
vsi09 cc Grunewald  10154389 en
vsi09 cc Grunewald 10154389 en

... Nevertheless, we will concentrate less on sustainability in terms of stable consumption levels for future generations and focus on a more equal distribution of consumption, hence poverty reduction. Fuhr et al. (2008), Schubert et al. (2007) and Swinton and Sarkar (2007) treat the question if environ ...
Geographical restructuring of Arabidopsis thaliana`s
Geographical restructuring of Arabidopsis thaliana`s

... at the species level will be necessarily less precise than models at the intraspecific genetic level. ...
Author`s personal copy - Santa Clara University
Author`s personal copy - Santa Clara University

... study. Downscaled temperature and precipitation projections from 16 Global Climate Models (GCMs), using two emission scenarios (B1 and A2), were used to drive a calibrated Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) hydrologic model to assess the effects on streamflow on the two significant inflows to the ...
Climate change in Australia | Monsoonal North cluster report
Climate change in Australia | Monsoonal North cluster report

... periods: the near future 2020–2039 (herein referred to as 2030) and late in the century 2080–2099 (herein referred to as 2090). The spread of model results are presented as the range between the 10th and 90th percentile in the CMIP5 ensemble output. For each time period, the model spread can be attr ...
Interactions of the carbon cycle, human activity, and the climate system
Interactions of the carbon cycle, human activity, and the climate system

... gaps in knowledge on the carbon cycle [30], and as established by the Group on Earth Observations [31]. Such a system needs to embrace both global and regional components, bottom-up and top-down observations and modeling, and a capacity to report and analyze results in a timely fashion. It needs to ...
Investor Award on Climate-Related Disclosures
Investor Award on Climate-Related Disclosures

... behavioural change of the entities in which we invest. Nevertheless, exclusion is a tool we sometimes use, for example when companies do not want to collaborate and after repeated pressure still do not take steps to reduce their impact on the climate. As of September 2016, 87 companies were excluded ...
a PDF
a PDF

... in the past two decades.This is confirmed by a large body of scientific data.The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has concluded that this warming is mostly attributable to the build up of greenhouse gases (principally CO2) in the atmosphere due to burning of fossil fuels and changes ...
The Role of US Households in Global Carbon
The Role of US Households in Global Carbon

... The consumption based perspective on household emissions communicates a very different message to people. It shows that people have the power to directly and indirectly affect a large component of the nations’ carbon emissions through behavior and lifestyle changes that would affect their consumptio ...
Stranded Assets: the transition to a low carbon
Stranded Assets: the transition to a low carbon

... environmental driver is the same but the potential loss of proportional value would be much higher in the second case where societal response to environmental factors accelerates the materialisation of these risks. However, slow-moving risks can still pose challenges to companies and entire sectors. ...
This PDF is a selection from a published volume from... Research Volume Title: The Economics of Climate Change: Adaptations Past and...
This PDF is a selection from a published volume from... Research Volume Title: The Economics of Climate Change: Adaptations Past and...

... In the engineering literature, large- scale bottom- up simulation models are utilized to simulate future electricity demand under varying climate scenarios. The advantage of the simulation model approach is that it allows one to simulate the effects of climate change given a wide variety of technolog ...
Climate Change Strategy 2009-2014
Climate Change Strategy 2009-2014

... to prosper. This strategy considers how such opportunities may be realised and identifies potential areas for Council and community involvement, particularly in the generation of renewable energy or fuels, and in the provision of energy efficient goods, services and technology. The management of cli ...
Regional Power Shifts and Climate Knowledge Systems: South
Regional Power Shifts and Climate Knowledge Systems: South

... tive military power and a regional power base (see Nolte 2006; Nabers forthcoming). Based  on  this,  Daniel  Flemes  identifies  four  basic  criteria  to  help  analyze  regional  powers.  They  must: (1) be part of a geographically delimited region, (2) be ready to assume leadership, (3)  possess ...
Climate of the Past
Climate of the Past

... both workers and members of the public, as well as those that may be exposed in the future. In radioactive waste management, long-term safety assessment (generally referred to simply as safety assessment in the remaining of this text) is the means by which various lines of argument for the long-term ...
Mexico - Met Office
Mexico - Met Office

... available to the researchers in the project was used, unless there were good scientific reasons for not doing so. For example, some impacts areas were omitted, such as many of those associated with human health. In this case, these impacts are strongly dependant on local factors and do not easily le ...
future climate uncertainty and spatial variability over tamilnadu state
future climate uncertainty and spatial variability over tamilnadu state

... Rajalakshmi D., Jagannathan R. and Geethalakshmi V. (2015), Future climate uncertainty and spatial variability over Tamilnadu State, India, Global NEST Journal, 17(1), 175-185. ...
Climate Change in the African Small Island Developing States: From
Climate Change in the African Small Island Developing States: From

... the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change underscored that small island States will continue to be threatened in the twenty-first century by rising sea levels, tropical and extratropical cyclones, rising air and sea surface temperatures and changing rainfall patterns. Because of the low elevatio ...
7 Financial resources and transfer of technology
7 Financial resources and transfer of technology

... Finland has integrated the goals and objectives of the UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol into its development policy, while taking into account the fact that economic and social development and poverty eradication are the first and overriding priorities of the developing country Parties. The Finnish dev ...
Agriculture, Climate Change and Carbon Sequestration
Agriculture, Climate Change and Carbon Sequestration

... influence agriculture? Climate change may have beneficial as well as detrimental consequences for agriculture. Some research indicates that warmer temperatures lengthen growing seasons and increased carbon dioxide in the air results in higher yields from some crops. A warming climate and decreasing s ...
ALBEDO ENHANCEMENT BY STRATOSPHERIC SULFUR
ALBEDO ENHANCEMENT BY STRATOSPHERIC SULFUR

... values in the projected IPCC global warming range of 1.4–5.8 ◦ C (Cubasch et al., ...
Final Background paper UNFCCC Latin American workshop on a…
Final Background paper UNFCCC Latin American workshop on a…

... participation by Parties not included in Annex I to the Convention (non-Annex I Parties) in the Kyoto Protocol process and to strengthen existing and, where needed, establish new training and research institutions to ensure the sustainability of capacity-building programmes. According to the framewo ...
Inuit population
Inuit population

... The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC) outlines two key areas for climate policy, mitigation and adaptation, both of which are essential to climate policy in Canada’s Inuit regions. Firstly, the FCCC and its principal update the Kyoto Protocol legally obligates parties to “ ...
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Economics of global warming

There are a number of policies that governments might consider in response to global warming. The assessment of such policies involves the economics of global warming.Global warming is a long-term problem. One of the most important greenhouse gases is carbon dioxide. Around 20% of carbon dioxide which is emitted due to human activities can remain in the atmosphere for many thousands of years. The long time scales and uncertainty associated with global warming have led analysts to develop ""scenarios"" of future environmental, social and economic changes. These scenarios can help governments understand the potential consequences of their decisions.The impacts of climate change include the loss of biodiversity, sea level rise, increased frequency and severity of some extreme weather events, and acidification of the oceans. Economists have attempted to quantify these impacts in monetary terms, but these assessments can be controversial.The two main policy responses to global warming are to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (climate change mitigation) and to adapt to the impacts of global warming (e.g., by building levees in response to sea level rise). Another policy response which has recently received greater attention is geoengineering of the climate system (e.g. injecting aerosols into the atmosphere to reflect sunlight away from the Earth's surface).One of the responses to the uncertainties of global warming is to adopt a strategy of sequential decision making. This strategy recognizes that decisions on global warming need to be made with incomplete information, and that decisions in the near term will have potentially long-term impacts. Governments might choose to use risk management as part of their policy response to global warming. For instance, a risk-based approach can be applied to climate impacts which are difficult to quantify in economic terms, e.g., the impacts of global warming on indigenous peoples.Analysts have assessed global warming in relation to sustainable development. Sustainable development considers how future generations might be affected by the actions of the current generation. In some areas, policies designed to address global warming may contribute positively towards other development objectives. In other areas, the cost of global warming policies may divert resources away from other socially and environmentally beneficial investments (the opportunity costs of climate change policy).
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