Anhydrides, Esters and Amides
... • In practice what occurs if the two are mixed is an acidbase reaction to form an ammonium salt. • If this salt is heated to a high enough temperature, water is eliminated and an amide forms. O CH3 C-OH + H2 NCH2 CH3 ...
... • In practice what occurs if the two are mixed is an acidbase reaction to form an ammonium salt. • If this salt is heated to a high enough temperature, water is eliminated and an amide forms. O CH3 C-OH + H2 NCH2 CH3 ...
AMINES
... Ans) This is because FeCl2 formed gets hydrolysed to release HCl in the reaction. Thus, only a small amount of HCl is required to initiate the reaction. Q2) Ammonlysis of R-X is not a preferred method for preparing amines Ans) This method yields a mixture of primary, secondary, tertiary a mines and ...
... Ans) This is because FeCl2 formed gets hydrolysed to release HCl in the reaction. Thus, only a small amount of HCl is required to initiate the reaction. Q2) Ammonlysis of R-X is not a preferred method for preparing amines Ans) This method yields a mixture of primary, secondary, tertiary a mines and ...
Crystallization and Determination of Melting and Boiling Points
... pressure. And at this temperature, the liquid starts to boil. The normal boiling point is measured at 760 mmHg or 1 atm. However at lower pressures, the vapor pressure needed for boiling is also lower, and so the liquid boils at lower temperature. (Look at the ...
... pressure. And at this temperature, the liquid starts to boil. The normal boiling point is measured at 760 mmHg or 1 atm. However at lower pressures, the vapor pressure needed for boiling is also lower, and so the liquid boils at lower temperature. (Look at the ...
CHAPTER 15
... (1) Aldehydes and ketones readily undergo oxidation to carboxylic acids. (2) Propanone and dimethyl ketone are two names for the same compound. (3) The “silver mirror test” distinguishes between aldehydes and ketones. a) All three statements are true. b) Two of the three statements are true. c) Only ...
... (1) Aldehydes and ketones readily undergo oxidation to carboxylic acids. (2) Propanone and dimethyl ketone are two names for the same compound. (3) The “silver mirror test” distinguishes between aldehydes and ketones. a) All three statements are true. b) Two of the three statements are true. c) Only ...
Document
... deshielded and come into resonance at 2.1-2.6 • H on the carbon of the ester oxygen are more strongly deshielded and come into resonance at 3.7-4.7 2.33(q) ...
... deshielded and come into resonance at 2.1-2.6 • H on the carbon of the ester oxygen are more strongly deshielded and come into resonance at 3.7-4.7 2.33(q) ...
Document
... • When a mixture of stereoisomers is possible from a dehydrohalogenation, the major product is the more stable stereoisomer. • A reaction is stereoselective when it forms predominantly or exclusively one stereoisomer when two or more are possible. • The E2 reaction is stereoselective because one ste ...
... • When a mixture of stereoisomers is possible from a dehydrohalogenation, the major product is the more stable stereoisomer. • A reaction is stereoselective when it forms predominantly or exclusively one stereoisomer when two or more are possible. • The E2 reaction is stereoselective because one ste ...
Alcohols and Phenols
... not), forming soluble salts that are soluble in dilute aqueous A phenolic component can be separated from an organic solution by extraction into basic aqueous solution and is isolated after acid is added to the solution ...
... not), forming soluble salts that are soluble in dilute aqueous A phenolic component can be separated from an organic solution by extraction into basic aqueous solution and is isolated after acid is added to the solution ...
aryl halides
... carbon is sp3 hybridized. Hence it is more difficult to break this bond and aryl halides resist the typical nucleophilic substitution reactions of alkyl halides. ...
... carbon is sp3 hybridized. Hence it is more difficult to break this bond and aryl halides resist the typical nucleophilic substitution reactions of alkyl halides. ...
Synthetic applications of ortho esters
... for future important discoveries. Ortho esters are attractive protective groups for carboxylic acids in basic and nucleophilic reaction media, and facile manipulation of the structure of bicyclic ortho esters is accomplished by variation of starting materials and preparative protocols. The chemical ...
... for future important discoveries. Ortho esters are attractive protective groups for carboxylic acids in basic and nucleophilic reaction media, and facile manipulation of the structure of bicyclic ortho esters is accomplished by variation of starting materials and preparative protocols. The chemical ...
RES15_c2_wp
... The web links referred to here are some that the author has found personally helpful but are not intended to be a comprehensive list, many other good resources exist. ...
... The web links referred to here are some that the author has found personally helpful but are not intended to be a comprehensive list, many other good resources exist. ...
Alcohols and Thiols
... The alcoholic proton is also somewhat acidic. The pKa for alcohols runs between 15 and 18 - certainly more acidic than your average alkyne! The general trend in acidity is 1°>2°>3°, with t-butanol being about the least acidic alcohol you’ll find...this is why t-butoxide is used as a base in many of ...
... The alcoholic proton is also somewhat acidic. The pKa for alcohols runs between 15 and 18 - certainly more acidic than your average alkyne! The general trend in acidity is 1°>2°>3°, with t-butanol being about the least acidic alcohol you’ll find...this is why t-butoxide is used as a base in many of ...
Unit-8-Alcohols-Aldehydes
... We have already seen how aldehydes and alcohols can be oxidized to carboxylic acids with K2Cr2O7 ...
... We have already seen how aldehydes and alcohols can be oxidized to carboxylic acids with K2Cr2O7 ...
OC 2/e Ch 15
... carbonyl addition products The sulfur atom of a thiol is a better nucleophile than the oxygen atom of an alcohol A common sulfur nucleophile used for this purpose is 1,3-propanedithiol • the product is a 1,3-dithiane O RCH ...
... carbonyl addition products The sulfur atom of a thiol is a better nucleophile than the oxygen atom of an alcohol A common sulfur nucleophile used for this purpose is 1,3-propanedithiol • the product is a 1,3-dithiane O RCH ...
NITRO COMPOUNDS
... It may be noted that nitration of arenes takes place at relatively low temperature where as nitration of alkanes requires a very high temperature . This may be due to the fact that the nitration of arenes involves the initial formation of electrophilic reagent while the nitration of alkanes is suppo ...
... It may be noted that nitration of arenes takes place at relatively low temperature where as nitration of alkanes requires a very high temperature . This may be due to the fact that the nitration of arenes involves the initial formation of electrophilic reagent while the nitration of alkanes is suppo ...
File
... • The spontaneous change that takes place in the optical rotation of and anomers of a sugar when they are dissolved in water. The optical rotations of the sugars change until they reach the same value. • the explanation for this mutarotation lies in the existence of an equilibrium between the op ...
... • The spontaneous change that takes place in the optical rotation of and anomers of a sugar when they are dissolved in water. The optical rotations of the sugars change until they reach the same value. • the explanation for this mutarotation lies in the existence of an equilibrium between the op ...
CHEM 121. Chapter 15
... B) Two of the three statements are true. C) Only one of the statements is true. D) None of the statements is true. 42. Statements: (1) The compound 4-oxopentanal contains both an aldehyde and an ether functional group. (2) An alkoxy group and a hydroxy group attached to the same carbon atom are pres ...
... B) Two of the three statements are true. C) Only one of the statements is true. D) None of the statements is true. 42. Statements: (1) The compound 4-oxopentanal contains both an aldehyde and an ether functional group. (2) An alkoxy group and a hydroxy group attached to the same carbon atom are pres ...
A convenient method for the preparation of oxazaborolidine catalyst
... the tetraethylammonium borohydride (TEAB 1)/CH3I combination under the influence of (S)-a,a-diphenylpyrrolidinemethanol 3 (20 mol %) in DCM at 0 C. In this case, the desired alcohol was obtained in quantitative yields with 63% ee (Table 1, entry 1). Surprisingly, at 25 C, the ketone remained unreac ...
... the tetraethylammonium borohydride (TEAB 1)/CH3I combination under the influence of (S)-a,a-diphenylpyrrolidinemethanol 3 (20 mol %) in DCM at 0 C. In this case, the desired alcohol was obtained in quantitative yields with 63% ee (Table 1, entry 1). Surprisingly, at 25 C, the ketone remained unreac ...
Module 5 Reactions with Miscellaneous Reagents
... substitution as well as electrophilic addition reaction. It is prepared from succinimide and bromine in the presence of NaOH solution. The colourless solid obtained is washed with water and recrystallized from hot water, and stored in a refrigerator and protected from moisture to avoid decomposition ...
... substitution as well as electrophilic addition reaction. It is prepared from succinimide and bromine in the presence of NaOH solution. The colourless solid obtained is washed with water and recrystallized from hot water, and stored in a refrigerator and protected from moisture to avoid decomposition ...
Amines
... Typical reagents : LiAlH4 / ether solvent, followed by aqueous work-up. Note that this reaction is different to that of other C=O compounds which reduce to alcohols (for example esters) The nature of the amine obtained depends on the substituents present on the original amide. Look at the N substitu ...
... Typical reagents : LiAlH4 / ether solvent, followed by aqueous work-up. Note that this reaction is different to that of other C=O compounds which reduce to alcohols (for example esters) The nature of the amine obtained depends on the substituents present on the original amide. Look at the N substitu ...
Revised organic chemistry
... peroxide effect or Kharasch effect. But it does not apply to addition involving HCl, HI or HF ...
... peroxide effect or Kharasch effect. But it does not apply to addition involving HCl, HI or HF ...
Chapter Seven - U of L Class Index
... H Carbocation rearrangments are often promoted by the presence of Lewis Acids. In this case, the intermediates are said to be “carbocation-like” if not carbocations. ...
... H Carbocation rearrangments are often promoted by the presence of Lewis Acids. In this case, the intermediates are said to be “carbocation-like” if not carbocations. ...
View/Open
... hydrogen, and bromine has a higher priority than chlorine. The group with higher priority on C1 is bromine and the group with higher priority at C2 is chlorine. In the first structure the higher priority chlorine and bromine atoms are on opposite sides of the double bond, and therefore this isomer i ...
... hydrogen, and bromine has a higher priority than chlorine. The group with higher priority on C1 is bromine and the group with higher priority at C2 is chlorine. In the first structure the higher priority chlorine and bromine atoms are on opposite sides of the double bond, and therefore this isomer i ...
Alcohols
... Today, approximately 4 billion gallons are produced each year in the United States through the fermentation of corn, barley, and sorghum Ethanol for nonbeverage use as a chemical intermediate is obtained by acid-catalyzed hydration of ethylene • Approximately 110 million gallons are produced each ye ...
... Today, approximately 4 billion gallons are produced each year in the United States through the fermentation of corn, barley, and sorghum Ethanol for nonbeverage use as a chemical intermediate is obtained by acid-catalyzed hydration of ethylene • Approximately 110 million gallons are produced each ye ...
Wolff rearrangement
The Wolff rearrangement is a reaction in organic chemistry in which an α-diazocarbonyl compound is converted into a ketene by loss of dinitrogen with accompanying 1,2-rearrangement. The Wolff rearrangement yields a ketene as an intermediate product, which can undergo nucleophilic attack with weakly acidic nucleophiles such as water, alcohols, and amines, to generate carboxylic acid derivatives or undergo [2+2] cycloaddition reactions to form four-membered rings. The mechanism of the Wolff rearrangement has been the subject of debate since its first use. No single mechanism sufficiently describes the reaction, and there are often competing concerted and carbene-mediated pathways; for simplicity, only the textbook, concerted mechanism is shown below. The reaction was discovered by Ludwig Wolff in 1902. The Wolff rearrangement has great synthetic utility due to the accessibility of α-diazocarbonyl compounds, variety of reactions from the ketene intermediate, and stereochemical retention of the migrating group. However, the Wolff rearrangement has limitations due to the highly reactive nature of α-diazocarbonyl compounds, which can undergo a variety of competing reactions.The Wolff rearrangement can be induced via thermolysis, photolysis, or transition metal catalysis. In this last case, the reaction is sensitive to the transition metal; silver (I) oxide or other Ag(I) catalysts work well and are generally used. The Wolff rearrangement has been used in many total syntheses; the most common use is trapping the ketene intermediate with nucleophiles to form carboxylic acid derivatives. The Arndt-Eistert homologation is a specific example of this use, wherein a carboxylic acid may be elongated by a methylene unit. Another common use is in ring-contraction methods; if the α-diazo ketone is cyclic, the Wolff rearrangement results in a ring-contracted product. The Wolff rearrangement works well in generating ring-strained systems, where other reactions may fail.