Impacts of climate change on land-based sectors and
... Opinion-based surveys of this kind have their limitations because they involve a degree of subjectivity and represent one point in time. Another way to gauge the mainstream consensus is to identify what leading scientific institutions have advised their governments and the communities about climate ...
... Opinion-based surveys of this kind have their limitations because they involve a degree of subjectivity and represent one point in time. Another way to gauge the mainstream consensus is to identify what leading scientific institutions have advised their governments and the communities about climate ...
3. STRAW MAN 1: A PRELIMINARY VIEW OF THE TROPICAL
... paleolocations of Chron 25 and other late Paleocene–early Eocene isochrons in order to constrain the location of mid-ocean ridges during the early Paleogene. Further description of the creation of the bathymetry is found in Huber et al. (in press). The solar constant, orbital parameters, and all tra ...
... paleolocations of Chron 25 and other late Paleocene–early Eocene isochrons in order to constrain the location of mid-ocean ridges during the early Paleogene. Further description of the creation of the bathymetry is found in Huber et al. (in press). The solar constant, orbital parameters, and all tra ...
Public Perception of geoengineering and its consequences for
... 2.1 Awareness: low levels of geoengineering perception Awareness of the emerging geoengineering technologies among the public is rather low, although more recent studies indicate an increase in public awareness rates. A survey in the US revealed 74 % of respondents knew nothing about geo-engineering ...
... 2.1 Awareness: low levels of geoengineering perception Awareness of the emerging geoengineering technologies among the public is rather low, although more recent studies indicate an increase in public awareness rates. A survey in the US revealed 74 % of respondents knew nothing about geo-engineering ...
An India That Can Say Yes - Indian Network on Ethics and Climate
... thermal expansion of water in turn releases more heat then as ice reflects 80 of sunlight back, whereas the dark ocean water will absorb 95% and release only 5% that adds to the global warming effects. So you have a compounding, this is called a positive feedback but it should be called negative fee ...
... thermal expansion of water in turn releases more heat then as ice reflects 80 of sunlight back, whereas the dark ocean water will absorb 95% and release only 5% that adds to the global warming effects. So you have a compounding, this is called a positive feedback but it should be called negative fee ...
ethics and climate change cost-benefit analysis: stern and after
... There are also practical difficulties in obtaining the (unadjusted) contextspecific valuations in the first place. The wage differentials approach is ruled out. Wage differentials are context-specific – but the context is different to the one under consideration. They concern the risk faced by a par ...
... There are also practical difficulties in obtaining the (unadjusted) contextspecific valuations in the first place. The wage differentials approach is ruled out. Wage differentials are context-specific – but the context is different to the one under consideration. They concern the risk faced by a par ...
Subglobal Regulation of the Global Commons: The Case of Climate
... subglobal action to address climate change, the relevant empirical evidence on the real-world workings of the commons must be brought to bear. Thus, also in Part I, we draw on empirically driven, non-cooperative, game-theoretic economic modeling studies to argue that the actual market imperfections ...
... subglobal action to address climate change, the relevant empirical evidence on the real-world workings of the commons must be brought to bear. Thus, also in Part I, we draw on empirically driven, non-cooperative, game-theoretic economic modeling studies to argue that the actual market imperfections ...
Are observed changes in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the
... was based on one paper that at the time had not been published in the refereed scientific literature. Moreover, one of the authors of this paper was also the convening lead author of the Chapter 8 that supported the “human influence” claim. A hearing in August 1998 on the subject of global warming b ...
... was based on one paper that at the time had not been published in the refereed scientific literature. Moreover, one of the authors of this paper was also the convening lead author of the Chapter 8 that supported the “human influence” claim. A hearing in August 1998 on the subject of global warming b ...
Bangladesh, climate disasters
... climate disasters, which are occurring with increasing frequency and intensity. The impact of climate change is currently only being felt in terms of negative effects, leading many to fear the worst for the security and survival of people, both in the short and long term, in certain regions of the w ...
... climate disasters, which are occurring with increasing frequency and intensity. The impact of climate change is currently only being felt in terms of negative effects, leading many to fear the worst for the security and survival of people, both in the short and long term, in certain regions of the w ...
PDF
... model time step by interpolating six-hour data from the re-analysis and GCM. More details on the domain and implementation of boundary conditions for the regional model are described by Pan et al. (2001) and Takle et al. (1999). The re-analysis dataset (Kalnay et al. 1996) from the National Centers ...
... model time step by interpolating six-hour data from the re-analysis and GCM. More details on the domain and implementation of boundary conditions for the regional model are described by Pan et al. (2001) and Takle et al. (1999). The re-analysis dataset (Kalnay et al. 1996) from the National Centers ...
An assessment of the foundational assumptions in high-resolution climate projections: the case of UKCP09
... In Section 2 we discuss the aims of UKCP09. In Section 3 we outline the method used to generate high-resolution climate projections. We give considerable space to the description of UKCP09’s methods for two reasons. First, even though UKCP09 is widely discussed, its ways and means in generating pro ...
... In Section 2 we discuss the aims of UKCP09. In Section 3 we outline the method used to generate high-resolution climate projections. We give considerable space to the description of UKCP09’s methods for two reasons. First, even though UKCP09 is widely discussed, its ways and means in generating pro ...
federal actions for a clean growth economy
... change and can also help protect against climate change impacts, such as flooding and drought. Parks and protected areas also act as carbon sinks. Preserving and enhancing these areas can help them absorb and store more ...
... change and can also help protect against climate change impacts, such as flooding and drought. Parks and protected areas also act as carbon sinks. Preserving and enhancing these areas can help them absorb and store more ...
Polar amplification as a preferred response in an idealized
... increased latent heat transport relative to that of the SAF for high-latitude warming was noted already by Manabe and Wetherald (1980). This study also showed that the climatic response to CO2 and solar constant changes have almost identical meridional structures although the forcings are rather dif ...
... increased latent heat transport relative to that of the SAF for high-latitude warming was noted already by Manabe and Wetherald (1980). This study also showed that the climatic response to CO2 and solar constant changes have almost identical meridional structures although the forcings are rather dif ...
PDF
... of economists and other groups on climate change and related issues (e.g., discount rates, policy preferences, etc.). Section III reviews the methodology for selecting our sample and conducting the survey. Section IV presents our results and discusses the importance of particular findings. Section V ...
... of economists and other groups on climate change and related issues (e.g., discount rates, policy preferences, etc.). Section III reviews the methodology for selecting our sample and conducting the survey. Section IV presents our results and discusses the importance of particular findings. Section V ...
Kazakhstan
... 2085. A decrease in frost days is expected. Uncertainty in climate change scenarios follows from the uncertainty in the scenarios of greenhouse gas (GHG) concentration changes and limitations in climate models. What is important to note is that climate change scenarios give reasons to believe that t ...
... 2085. A decrease in frost days is expected. Uncertainty in climate change scenarios follows from the uncertainty in the scenarios of greenhouse gas (GHG) concentration changes and limitations in climate models. What is important to note is that climate change scenarios give reasons to believe that t ...
The Real Truth about Greenhouse Gases and Climate Change:
... Comment (MCM): First, when a scientist asserts we know a value from the past with more accuracy than at present (i.e., “was 270 ppm,” and with no specified time reference given, versus “about 390 ppm” at present), it is good to be cautious. Generally, air bubbles trapped in glacial ice indicate that ...
... Comment (MCM): First, when a scientist asserts we know a value from the past with more accuracy than at present (i.e., “was 270 ppm,” and with no specified time reference given, versus “about 390 ppm” at present), it is good to be cautious. Generally, air bubbles trapped in glacial ice indicate that ...
Human Impacts on Weather and Climate - Recent Research Results
... the assessed level of scientific understanding (LOSU). The net anthropogenic radiative forcing and its range are also shown. These require summing asymmetric uncertainty estimates from the component terms, and cannot be obtained by simple addition. Additional forcing factors not included here are co ...
... the assessed level of scientific understanding (LOSU). The net anthropogenic radiative forcing and its range are also shown. These require summing asymmetric uncertainty estimates from the component terms, and cannot be obtained by simple addition. Additional forcing factors not included here are co ...
Carbon Pricing Watch - World bank documents
... an internal carbon price in business strategies is spreading, even in regions where carbon pricing has not been legislated. Currently, at least 150 companies are using an internal price on carbon.14 These companies represent diverse sectors, including consumer goods, energy, finance, industry, manuf ...
... an internal carbon price in business strategies is spreading, even in regions where carbon pricing has not been legislated. Currently, at least 150 companies are using an internal price on carbon.14 These companies represent diverse sectors, including consumer goods, energy, finance, industry, manuf ...
263. Cass R. Sunstein, "The Availability Heuristic, Intuitive Cost
... States can be distinguished along a single axis: Europe accepts the Precautionary Principle, and the United States does not. On this view, Europeans attempt to build a “margin of safety” into public decisions, taking care to protect citizens against risks that cannot be established with certainty. B ...
... States can be distinguished along a single axis: Europe accepts the Precautionary Principle, and the United States does not. On this view, Europeans attempt to build a “margin of safety” into public decisions, taking care to protect citizens against risks that cannot be established with certainty. B ...
Climate Change Act 2017
... 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1·5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels. There is overwhelming scientific consensus that human activity is causing climate change and that global emissions will need to decline to net zer ...
... 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1·5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels. There is overwhelming scientific consensus that human activity is causing climate change and that global emissions will need to decline to net zer ...
decadal climate variability, predictability and prediction
... The scientific understanding of Earth’s climate system is now sufficiently developed to show that climate change from anthropogenic greenhouse gas forcing is already upon us, and the rate of change as projected exceeds anything seen in nature in the past 10,000 years. The indisputable evidence of gl ...
... The scientific understanding of Earth’s climate system is now sufficiently developed to show that climate change from anthropogenic greenhouse gas forcing is already upon us, and the rate of change as projected exceeds anything seen in nature in the past 10,000 years. The indisputable evidence of gl ...
REVIEW SUMMARY Multiple Dimensions of Climate Change and
... Raquel A. Garcia,* Mar Cabeza, Carsten Rahbek, Miguel B. Araújo* Background: Changes in Earth’s climate over time can be measured in Outlook: Forecasting the long-term impacts of future climate changes many ways. The different metrics available represent alternative dimen- on biodiversity is challen ...
... Raquel A. Garcia,* Mar Cabeza, Carsten Rahbek, Miguel B. Araújo* Background: Changes in Earth’s climate over time can be measured in Outlook: Forecasting the long-term impacts of future climate changes many ways. The different metrics available represent alternative dimen- on biodiversity is challen ...
Development of a metamodel tool for regional integrated climate
... one sector to be assessed with respect to another sector. Single sector studies are clearly limited by their inability to treat all of the processes that may be important in affecting a sector. It becomes clear when undertaking assessments in this way that the various regional-scale sectors are inte ...
... one sector to be assessed with respect to another sector. Single sector studies are clearly limited by their inability to treat all of the processes that may be important in affecting a sector. It becomes clear when undertaking assessments in this way that the various regional-scale sectors are inte ...
The Impact of Climate Change on the Agricultural Sector
... Meteorological Organization (WMO) and United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) officially declared carbon dioxide as the principal cause of global warming. In order to effectively cope with the global warming issue, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was organized in 1988 and has ca ...
... Meteorological Organization (WMO) and United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) officially declared carbon dioxide as the principal cause of global warming. In order to effectively cope with the global warming issue, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was organized in 1988 and has ca ...
Biosphere feedbacks and climate change
... This briefing paper is an assessment of the state of knowledge about the most important feedbacks associated with the biosphere (terrestrial and marine ecosystems). We draw extensively on AR5, but we also refer to a significant body of scientific literature published since 2012 and therefore not so ...
... This briefing paper is an assessment of the state of knowledge about the most important feedbacks associated with the biosphere (terrestrial and marine ecosystems). We draw extensively on AR5, but we also refer to a significant body of scientific literature published since 2012 and therefore not so ...
Climate engineering
Climate engineering, also referred to as geoengineering or climate intervention, is the deliberate and large-scale intervention in the Earth’s climatic system with the aim of limiting adverse climate change. Climate engineering is an umbrella term for two types of measures: carbon dioxide removal and solar radiation management. Carbon dioxide removal addresses the cause of climate change by removing one of the greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide) from the atmosphere. Solar radiation management attempts to offset effects of greenhouse gases by causing the Earth to absorb less solar radiation.Climate engineering approaches are sometimes viewed as additional potential options for limiting climate change, alongside mitigation and adaptation. There is substantial agreement among scientists that climate engineering cannot substitute climate change mitigation. Some approaches might be used as accompanying measures to sharp cuts in greenhouse gas emissions. Given that all types of measures addressing climate change have economic, political or physical limitations a some climate engineering approaches might eventually be used as part of an ensemble of measures. Research on costs, benefits, and various types of risks of most climate engineering approaches is at an early stage and their understanding needs to improve to judge their adequacy and feasibility.No known large-scale climate engineering projects have taken place to date. Almost all research into solar geoengineering has consisted of computer modelling or laboratory tests, and attempts to move to real-world experimentation have proved controversial for many types of climate engineering. Some practices, such as planting of trees and whitening of surfaces as well as bio-energy with carbon capture and storage projects are underway, their scalability to effectively affect global climate is however debated. Ocean iron fertilization has been given small-scale research trials, sparking substantial controversy.Most experts and major reports advise against relying on geoengineering techniques as a simple solution to climate change, in part due to the large uncertainties over effectiveness and side effects. However, most experts also argue that the risks of such interventions must be seen in the context of risks of dangerous climate change. Interventions at large scale may run a greater risk disrupting natural systems resulting in a dilemma that those approaches that could prove highly (cost-) effective in addressing extreme climate risk, might themselves cause substantial risk. Some have suggested that the concept of geoengineering the climate presents a moral hazard because it could reduce political and public pressure for emissions reduction, which could exacerbate overall climate risks.Groups such as ETC Group and some climate researchers (such as Raymond Pierrehumbert) are in favour of a moratorium on out-of-doors testing and deployment of SRM.