Human Impacts on Climate: A Broader View than Reported in the IPCC
... by simple addition. Additional forcing factors not included here are considered to have a very low LOSU. Volcanic aerosols contribute an additional natural forcing but are not included in this figure due to their episodic nature. Range for linear contrails does not include other possible effects of ...
... by simple addition. Additional forcing factors not included here are considered to have a very low LOSU. Volcanic aerosols contribute an additional natural forcing but are not included in this figure due to their episodic nature. Range for linear contrails does not include other possible effects of ...
Target Atmospheric CO2: Where Should Humanity Aim?
... vegetation distribution, and continental shelf exposure, was 3.5 ± 1 W/m2 [14] relative to the Holocene. Additional forcing due to reduced amounts of long-lived GHGs (CO2, CH4, N2O), including the indirect effects of CH4 on tropospheric ozone and stratospheric water vapor (Fig. S1) was -3 ± 0.5 W/m2 ...
... vegetation distribution, and continental shelf exposure, was 3.5 ± 1 W/m2 [14] relative to the Holocene. Additional forcing due to reduced amounts of long-lived GHGs (CO2, CH4, N2O), including the indirect effects of CH4 on tropospheric ozone and stratospheric water vapor (Fig. S1) was -3 ± 0.5 W/m2 ...
a new approach to international greenhouse gas controls
... commitment period (100 MtC, see above), large fluctuations in economic and emission levels have only moderate effects on the level of abatement required. In the example above, suppose that Country A’s economy grew faster than expected, causing emissions to rise to 120 MtC during the commitment perio ...
... commitment period (100 MtC, see above), large fluctuations in economic and emission levels have only moderate effects on the level of abatement required. In the example above, suppose that Country A’s economy grew faster than expected, causing emissions to rise to 120 MtC during the commitment perio ...
forests at risk
... that is linked directly to climate change. I’d like to share with you what’s been happening in some of our aspen forests over the last decade, how it’s connected to climate change, and projections for the future of aspen over the rest of this century. First, let’s consider why we should care about a ...
... that is linked directly to climate change. I’d like to share with you what’s been happening in some of our aspen forests over the last decade, how it’s connected to climate change, and projections for the future of aspen over the rest of this century. First, let’s consider why we should care about a ...
Carbon accounts of shifting cultivation: reductionist practices
... towards which such criticism was initially targeted, was in fact among the most sustainable agricultural practices. It can be understood to be in ‘ecological equilibrium’ when the ratio of fallow years/cropping years is high enough to allow for a recovery of biomass stocks, species composition and i ...
... towards which such criticism was initially targeted, was in fact among the most sustainable agricultural practices. It can be understood to be in ‘ecological equilibrium’ when the ratio of fallow years/cropping years is high enough to allow for a recovery of biomass stocks, species composition and i ...
Chhatra Bahadur Khadka Tribhuvan University
... Figure 7: Response towards source of information on Climate Change ............................... 17 Figure 8: Response towards reason for decrease in survival rate of cash crops ................... 18 Figure 9: Response towards source of water supply.............................................. ...
... Figure 7: Response towards source of information on Climate Change ............................... 17 Figure 8: Response towards reason for decrease in survival rate of cash crops ................... 18 Figure 9: Response towards source of water supply.............................................. ...
Increasing the influence of LDC climate diplomacy
... initiated by President Barak Obama in 2009 to facilitate discussion among the world’s largest economies — Kerry stated: “[L]ast year, I invited many of you and your counterparts to join me for a special foreign ministers session of the Major Economies Forum, and it was the first time that a group th ...
... initiated by President Barak Obama in 2009 to facilitate discussion among the world’s largest economies — Kerry stated: “[L]ast year, I invited many of you and your counterparts to join me for a special foreign ministers session of the Major Economies Forum, and it was the first time that a group th ...
doc
... that lead economists to make predictions that are out of step with the scientific consensus and with commonly shared values. Among recent economic analyses the Stern Review (2006) stands out in its attempt to incorporate the inescapable uncertainty that surrounds climate predictions, and in its ethi ...
... that lead economists to make predictions that are out of step with the scientific consensus and with commonly shared values. Among recent economic analyses the Stern Review (2006) stands out in its attempt to incorporate the inescapable uncertainty that surrounds climate predictions, and in its ethi ...
Preparing for climate change guide for local government
... The maps in Figures 1–3 show projected patterns for temperature and precipitation derived from models assuming greenhouse gas emissions follow a course described in the source report as ‘middle-of-the-road’. Because natural effects cause the New Zealand climate to vary from year to year (see Figure ...
... The maps in Figures 1–3 show projected patterns for temperature and precipitation derived from models assuming greenhouse gas emissions follow a course described in the source report as ‘middle-of-the-road’. Because natural effects cause the New Zealand climate to vary from year to year (see Figure ...
Impacts of climate change on Australia`s World Heritage properties
... and biological diversity. There are currently 17 sites in Australia recognised by United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) as possessing characteristics considered to be of outstanding value to humanity. Because of their universal significance, these 17 sites are lis ...
... and biological diversity. There are currently 17 sites in Australia recognised by United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) as possessing characteristics considered to be of outstanding value to humanity. Because of their universal significance, these 17 sites are lis ...
p4418-4433 - Parliament of Western Australia
... will be disadvantaged if we exclude ourselves from a carbon market and a developing renewable energy technology market. Investments are already being made in places like New Zealand, for example, which give that country a competitive advantage in some investment areas. That is ironic because, with A ...
... will be disadvantaged if we exclude ourselves from a carbon market and a developing renewable energy technology market. Investments are already being made in places like New Zealand, for example, which give that country a competitive advantage in some investment areas. That is ironic because, with A ...
Modifying the 2°C Target - Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik
... and declarative function. For this reason, a pragmatically motivated reduction in the level of political ambition carries risks. This is particularly critical for the EU, which has gained worldwide recognition as a leader in climate policy, not least because of its role in bringing the 2°C target in ...
... and declarative function. For this reason, a pragmatically motivated reduction in the level of political ambition carries risks. This is particularly critical for the EU, which has gained worldwide recognition as a leader in climate policy, not least because of its role in bringing the 2°C target in ...
The Carbon Cycle
... tie-up and temporarily store carbon. This process is scientifically valid but its use for carbon management as carbon sink ‘credits’ ignores other related issues. The Kyoto Protocol allows the use of carbon sinks to offset carbon emissions from fossil fuels. However, there is a fundamental imbalance ...
... tie-up and temporarily store carbon. This process is scientifically valid but its use for carbon management as carbon sink ‘credits’ ignores other related issues. The Kyoto Protocol allows the use of carbon sinks to offset carbon emissions from fossil fuels. However, there is a fundamental imbalance ...
climate, water, and political-economic crises
... are constantly emerging, although sometimes they emerge abruptly and without warning. Solving problems requires the investment and expenditure of resources. Some of these resources are easily accessible and will be the ones first utilized. However, once they have been exhausted, less accessible reso ...
... are constantly emerging, although sometimes they emerge abruptly and without warning. Solving problems requires the investment and expenditure of resources. Some of these resources are easily accessible and will be the ones first utilized. However, once they have been exhausted, less accessible reso ...
vsi10 fi Diederich 13266359 en
... of the aggregate private good has a detrimental effect on the preexisting public good. Direct contributions thus offset this impact at first and potentially outweigh it. Kotchen shows that in a large economy with identical rational and perfectly informed individuals, voluntary direct contributions wil ...
... of the aggregate private good has a detrimental effect on the preexisting public good. Direct contributions thus offset this impact at first and potentially outweigh it. Kotchen shows that in a large economy with identical rational and perfectly informed individuals, voluntary direct contributions wil ...
Discourse analysis of media coverage of climate change
... Though the issue of climate change became prominent in the 1980s, the previous article, printed in the New York Times on December 18, 1938, suggests the issue is not new at all. The same article notes scientists had observed increasing temperatures in the United States starting from the year 1929. R ...
... Though the issue of climate change became prominent in the 1980s, the previous article, printed in the New York Times on December 18, 1938, suggests the issue is not new at all. The same article notes scientists had observed increasing temperatures in the United States starting from the year 1929. R ...
Fossil fuel production in a 2°C world: The equity implications of a
... policies such as gasoline taxes and an aviation levy on oil exporters,14 and invoked equity in relation to the potential negative consequences of measures such as carbon caps or taxes.15 In debates within countries, the ability to extract fossil fuels has also been equated with energy security (or i ...
... policies such as gasoline taxes and an aviation levy on oil exporters,14 and invoked equity in relation to the potential negative consequences of measures such as carbon caps or taxes.15 In debates within countries, the ability to extract fossil fuels has also been equated with energy security (or i ...
the scientific article as a Word document here
... adaptation already taking place? Who is adapting, to what, and how? Does adaptation differ between and within nations, regions, sectors? Are adaptations consistent with the risks posed by climate change? We have snapshots on these questions. IPCC AR4 provides selected examples of adaptation in pract ...
... adaptation already taking place? Who is adapting, to what, and how? Does adaptation differ between and within nations, regions, sectors? Are adaptations consistent with the risks posed by climate change? We have snapshots on these questions. IPCC AR4 provides selected examples of adaptation in pract ...
Preparing Low-Emission Climate-Resilient Development
... Socio-economic modeling partners (under negotiation): Yale University, University of Pretoria, Economy and Environment Program for Southeast Asia (EEPSEA), and Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei, and UNDP-GGCA cadres of gender-climate national experts. The TACC Facility is complemented by the UNDP Partner ...
... Socio-economic modeling partners (under negotiation): Yale University, University of Pretoria, Economy and Environment Program for Southeast Asia (EEPSEA), and Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei, and UNDP-GGCA cadres of gender-climate national experts. The TACC Facility is complemented by the UNDP Partner ...
Bewertung der Risiken des Klimawandels für
... The analysis of vulnerability, which integrates results from both the bio-physical simulations and the agro-climatic indicators, provides an indication of which regions may expect potentially significant production changes by the time horizons of 2020 and 2030. The analyses of this study must be con ...
... The analysis of vulnerability, which integrates results from both the bio-physical simulations and the agro-climatic indicators, provides an indication of which regions may expect potentially significant production changes by the time horizons of 2020 and 2030. The analyses of this study must be con ...
Slide 1
... some cases models are more reliable than observations!) • Communicating uncertainties (which general public are unaware of). – I.e. need to escape from sterile debate on what warmest year is. ...
... some cases models are more reliable than observations!) • Communicating uncertainties (which general public are unaware of). – I.e. need to escape from sterile debate on what warmest year is. ...
Potential future climatic conditions on tourists: A case study focusing
... generated, which however could be disrupted in the face of a changing climate (Olsen, 2009). Thus there is a pertinent need to assess and evaluate the suitability of the destinations’ climate for tourism, in order to aid decision-making by tourists as well as the tourism industry itself in better as ...
... generated, which however could be disrupted in the face of a changing climate (Olsen, 2009). Thus there is a pertinent need to assess and evaluate the suitability of the destinations’ climate for tourism, in order to aid decision-making by tourists as well as the tourism industry itself in better as ...
Lake Victoria CC Readness brief No. 3 English
... spearheaded by Uganda Coalition for Sustainable Development (UCSD), Sustainable Environmental Development Watch Network (SusWatch Kenya), and Tanzania Coalition for Sustainable Development (TCSD). EA SusWatch Regional Secretariat is hosted by UCSD in Kampala, Uganda. One of the m ...
... spearheaded by Uganda Coalition for Sustainable Development (UCSD), Sustainable Environmental Development Watch Network (SusWatch Kenya), and Tanzania Coalition for Sustainable Development (TCSD). EA SusWatch Regional Secretariat is hosted by UCSD in Kampala, Uganda. One of the m ...
An Assessment of the Foundational Assumptions in High-Resolution Climate Projections: The Case of UKCP09
... The aim of this paper is to describe and analyse the methodology used by UKCP09 and then urge some caution. While this methodology is the only complex modelerror-exploring methodology currently deployed to inform decisions with probability projections, UKCP09 is not an isolated phenomenon. In the UK ...
... The aim of this paper is to describe and analyse the methodology used by UKCP09 and then urge some caution. While this methodology is the only complex modelerror-exploring methodology currently deployed to inform decisions with probability projections, UKCP09 is not an isolated phenomenon. In the UK ...
Report on Fifth Assessment Report 6
... 1. INTRODUCTION TO IPCC and AR5 The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is the leading body for the assessment of climate change, established by the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). Its main activity is to prepare comprehensiv ...
... 1. INTRODUCTION TO IPCC and AR5 The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is the leading body for the assessment of climate change, established by the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). Its main activity is to prepare comprehensiv ...
Climate engineering
Climate engineering, also referred to as geoengineering or climate intervention, is the deliberate and large-scale intervention in the Earth’s climatic system with the aim of limiting adverse climate change. Climate engineering is an umbrella term for two types of measures: carbon dioxide removal and solar radiation management. Carbon dioxide removal addresses the cause of climate change by removing one of the greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide) from the atmosphere. Solar radiation management attempts to offset effects of greenhouse gases by causing the Earth to absorb less solar radiation.Climate engineering approaches are sometimes viewed as additional potential options for limiting climate change, alongside mitigation and adaptation. There is substantial agreement among scientists that climate engineering cannot substitute climate change mitigation. Some approaches might be used as accompanying measures to sharp cuts in greenhouse gas emissions. Given that all types of measures addressing climate change have economic, political or physical limitations a some climate engineering approaches might eventually be used as part of an ensemble of measures. Research on costs, benefits, and various types of risks of most climate engineering approaches is at an early stage and their understanding needs to improve to judge their adequacy and feasibility.No known large-scale climate engineering projects have taken place to date. Almost all research into solar geoengineering has consisted of computer modelling or laboratory tests, and attempts to move to real-world experimentation have proved controversial for many types of climate engineering. Some practices, such as planting of trees and whitening of surfaces as well as bio-energy with carbon capture and storage projects are underway, their scalability to effectively affect global climate is however debated. Ocean iron fertilization has been given small-scale research trials, sparking substantial controversy.Most experts and major reports advise against relying on geoengineering techniques as a simple solution to climate change, in part due to the large uncertainties over effectiveness and side effects. However, most experts also argue that the risks of such interventions must be seen in the context of risks of dangerous climate change. Interventions at large scale may run a greater risk disrupting natural systems resulting in a dilemma that those approaches that could prove highly (cost-) effective in addressing extreme climate risk, might themselves cause substantial risk. Some have suggested that the concept of geoengineering the climate presents a moral hazard because it could reduce political and public pressure for emissions reduction, which could exacerbate overall climate risks.Groups such as ETC Group and some climate researchers (such as Raymond Pierrehumbert) are in favour of a moratorium on out-of-doors testing and deployment of SRM.