Climate: Observations, projections and impacts: Saudi Arabia
... south and east, smaller decreases are projected, and increases of up to 20% or more projected for the far southeast. ...
... south and east, smaller decreases are projected, and increases of up to 20% or more projected for the far southeast. ...
Does dispersal capacity matter for freshwater biodiversity under
... indicate where habitat connectivity would be most beneficial. 4. This study demonstrates the breadth of uncertainties that challenge plans for improving ecosystem adaptation under climate change and highlights where in the landscape those differences were consistent. We emphasise the need for freshw ...
... indicate where habitat connectivity would be most beneficial. 4. This study demonstrates the breadth of uncertainties that challenge plans for improving ecosystem adaptation under climate change and highlights where in the landscape those differences were consistent. We emphasise the need for freshw ...
PDF
... within that system, trading across systems allows higher-cost reductions to be replaced by lower-cost reductions from a different system. These cost savings create significant incentives for regulatory authorities to link tradable permit systems, but there are also some reasonable concerns about lin ...
... within that system, trading across systems allows higher-cost reductions to be replaced by lower-cost reductions from a different system. These cost savings create significant incentives for regulatory authorities to link tradable permit systems, but there are also some reasonable concerns about lin ...
desertification in africa - university of nairobi staff profiles
... conservation and sustainable management of land and water resources (Figure 5). Such action should also prevent the long-term consequences of desertification, including mass migration, species loss, climate change and the need for emergency assistance to populations in crisis. The main goal is to en ...
... conservation and sustainable management of land and water resources (Figure 5). Such action should also prevent the long-term consequences of desertification, including mass migration, species loss, climate change and the need for emergency assistance to populations in crisis. The main goal is to en ...
Prospering in a Changing Climate
... change adaptation activities at local, state and national levels and concluded that adaptation activities are not well coordinated in the state and gaps may leave South Australia vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. Specific issues identified were: • no guidance on roles and responsibilitie ...
... change adaptation activities at local, state and national levels and concluded that adaptation activities are not well coordinated in the state and gaps may leave South Australia vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. Specific issues identified were: • no guidance on roles and responsibilitie ...
21st century runoff sensitivities of major global river basins
... emissions scenarios and GMT increments up to 2.5 C. The runoff response, which includes runoff change in response to changes in temperature, precipitation, and other climatic variables, generally appears to be approximately linear with respect to GMT change over most of the global land area. Howeve ...
... emissions scenarios and GMT increments up to 2.5 C. The runoff response, which includes runoff change in response to changes in temperature, precipitation, and other climatic variables, generally appears to be approximately linear with respect to GMT change over most of the global land area. Howeve ...
Carbon-nitrogen interactions regulate climate
... positive feedback that enhances radiatively-forced climate change (Matthews et al., 2007; Friedlingstein et al., 2006). These studies, however, have not included an explicit treatment of nutrient dynamics within land ecosystems. Carbon uptake in land ecosystems depends on the availability of nutrien ...
... positive feedback that enhances radiatively-forced climate change (Matthews et al., 2007; Friedlingstein et al., 2006). These studies, however, have not included an explicit treatment of nutrient dynamics within land ecosystems. Carbon uptake in land ecosystems depends on the availability of nutrien ...
DOC
... Since the Industrial Revolution? In this exploration, you will watch a video of an animated graph that traces the 800,000-year history of atmospheric CO2. This video was developed by NOAA’s Earth System Research Laboratory’s Global Monitoring Division. The animated graph shows CO2 concentrations col ...
... Since the Industrial Revolution? In this exploration, you will watch a video of an animated graph that traces the 800,000-year history of atmospheric CO2. This video was developed by NOAA’s Earth System Research Laboratory’s Global Monitoring Division. The animated graph shows CO2 concentrations col ...
In Pursuit of a Sustainable World
... Our commitment to ensuring customer satisfaction involves offering the best-possible value, and this has meant unavoidable reductions in staff numbers. This was not a decision we took easily. It is always sad to have to restructure in this way, but we do so in the knowledge that making these difficu ...
... Our commitment to ensuring customer satisfaction involves offering the best-possible value, and this has meant unavoidable reductions in staff numbers. This was not a decision we took easily. It is always sad to have to restructure in this way, but we do so in the knowledge that making these difficu ...
Sustainable Agriculture and Climate Changes in Egypt
... practices that support current living standards by depleting the productive base, including natural resources and that leaves future generations with poorer prospects and greater risks than our own. In its broadest sense, the strategy for sustainable development aims to promote harmony among human b ...
... practices that support current living standards by depleting the productive base, including natural resources and that leaves future generations with poorer prospects and greater risks than our own. In its broadest sense, the strategy for sustainable development aims to promote harmony among human b ...
PDF
... necessarily immediately, more realistically after a “grace” period – meant that any attempts from developed countries to contain temperature increases to safe levels would have been in vain. Third, fast-growing developing countries are reluctant to take on any legally binding commitment, citing that ...
... necessarily immediately, more realistically after a “grace” period – meant that any attempts from developed countries to contain temperature increases to safe levels would have been in vain. Third, fast-growing developing countries are reluctant to take on any legally binding commitment, citing that ...
Identifying adaptation options
... potential or real benefit or negative impact). It is also recognised that stakeholders not only bring their own knowledge and skills, but in many cases also represent the interests of their respective community and are able to effect change (ie. they can act as “agents of change”). In the case of ad ...
... potential or real benefit or negative impact). It is also recognised that stakeholders not only bring their own knowledge and skills, but in many cases also represent the interests of their respective community and are able to effect change (ie. they can act as “agents of change”). In the case of ad ...
AEROSOL INDIRECT EFFECT
... There are possibly many (counterintuitive) mechanisms to be discovered. Parameterizations are being developed, and included within a comprehensive ...
... There are possibly many (counterintuitive) mechanisms to be discovered. Parameterizations are being developed, and included within a comprehensive ...
REGENERATION OF SOILS AND ECOSYSTEMS: THE
... exists on this point.7 However, eminent scientists have solid reasons to be less optimistic. James Hansen (University of Columbia) states that an average increase of 2°C will cause unsustainable damage8, and ...
... exists on this point.7 However, eminent scientists have solid reasons to be less optimistic. James Hansen (University of Columbia) states that an average increase of 2°C will cause unsustainable damage8, and ...
Vulnerability to climate change in the Arctic: A case study from Arctic
... Future climate change is predicted to be experienced earlier and more acutely in the polar regions (Holland and Bitz, 2003; Kattsov and Kallen, 2005). Predicted changes include the following: increased temperature and precipitation; alterations to the frequency, magnitude, and geographic distributio ...
... Future climate change is predicted to be experienced earlier and more acutely in the polar regions (Holland and Bitz, 2003; Kattsov and Kallen, 2005). Predicted changes include the following: increased temperature and precipitation; alterations to the frequency, magnitude, and geographic distributio ...
Impacts of Climate Related Geo-engineering on Biological
... easily. In principle, other greenhouse gases, such as nitrous oxide (N2O), and methane (CH4), could also be removed from the atmosphere or reduced at source, but such approaches are currently highly speculative. Proposed CDR techniques include: 1. Ocean fertilization: the enrichment of nutrients in ...
... easily. In principle, other greenhouse gases, such as nitrous oxide (N2O), and methane (CH4), could also be removed from the atmosphere or reduced at source, but such approaches are currently highly speculative. Proposed CDR techniques include: 1. Ocean fertilization: the enrichment of nutrients in ...
CLIMATE CHANGE CONSERVATION OF NATURE
... carbon, namely fossil fuels, for energy. One of the essential life support services provided by ecosystems is the protection of the climate through carbon cycling. We suggest that “Carbon Stewardship” is an important concept that needs to be incorporated into policies and planning for climate change ...
... carbon, namely fossil fuels, for energy. One of the essential life support services provided by ecosystems is the protection of the climate through carbon cycling. We suggest that “Carbon Stewardship” is an important concept that needs to be incorporated into policies and planning for climate change ...
Background paper
... United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification United Nations Development Programme United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change United Republic of Tanzania ...
... United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification United Nations Development Programme United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change United Republic of Tanzania ...
Full Press Release
... The new study shows that, on average, the world's reefs will start suffering annual bleaching in 2043. About 5 per cent of them will be hit a decade or more earlier, while about 11 per cent will suffer annual bleaching a decade or more later than this date. If emission reductions exceed pledges made ...
... The new study shows that, on average, the world's reefs will start suffering annual bleaching in 2043. About 5 per cent of them will be hit a decade or more earlier, while about 11 per cent will suffer annual bleaching a decade or more later than this date. If emission reductions exceed pledges made ...
Adapting bridge infrastructure to climate change: institutionalizing resilience in intergovernmental
... for improvement include standardization and digitization of records, infrastructure resilience monitoring, the expansion of asset inventories, and updating project prioritization guidelines (Johnson 2012). Not long after Tropical Storm Irene, in 2012, Super Storm Sandy caused approximately $5.7 bill ...
... for improvement include standardization and digitization of records, infrastructure resilience monitoring, the expansion of asset inventories, and updating project prioritization guidelines (Johnson 2012). Not long after Tropical Storm Irene, in 2012, Super Storm Sandy caused approximately $5.7 bill ...
Climate change: hydrological impact studies
... since climate models predict relatively large climate changes for these regions, while these regions are considered very susceptible to climate change because of the role of snow and permafrost. Furthermore, the resulting changes in runoff may have impacts not only at regional scale, but major incre ...
... since climate models predict relatively large climate changes for these regions, while these regions are considered very susceptible to climate change because of the role of snow and permafrost. Furthermore, the resulting changes in runoff may have impacts not only at regional scale, but major incre ...
i4332e04
... The best choice for a given impact study, therefore, is not to rely on the ensemble mean plus the single most extreme outliers in both directions. Instead, if feasible, the multimodel mean should be complemented by a number of individual projections that can delineate the model spread in the most re ...
... The best choice for a given impact study, therefore, is not to rely on the ensemble mean plus the single most extreme outliers in both directions. Instead, if feasible, the multimodel mean should be complemented by a number of individual projections that can delineate the model spread in the most re ...
Climate Change Adaptation Discussion Paper MS Word
... d. Delivers benefits under multiple futures. Again to respond to uncertainty, we will seek to deliver solutions that provide us benefits on a range of different potential futures. Our action should deliver benefits under a number of climate impacts, these might include, for example if it floods, or ...
... d. Delivers benefits under multiple futures. Again to respond to uncertainty, we will seek to deliver solutions that provide us benefits on a range of different potential futures. Our action should deliver benefits under a number of climate impacts, these might include, for example if it floods, or ...
I am sorry to say that global warming is not just "hot air"
... Between the absorptions of water vapor and those of carbon dioxide, there is an atmospheric window where, prior to the industrial era, no infrared radiation was trapped, lying between 8 and 15 micrometres. Compounds such as perflurocarbons (CF4, C2F6 etc.), chlorofluorocarbons, halons and SF6 absorb ...
... Between the absorptions of water vapor and those of carbon dioxide, there is an atmospheric window where, prior to the industrial era, no infrared radiation was trapped, lying between 8 and 15 micrometres. Compounds such as perflurocarbons (CF4, C2F6 etc.), chlorofluorocarbons, halons and SF6 absorb ...
Environmental tipping points and food system dynamics: Main Report
... arise following a critical degree of change, resulting from either many small cumulative changes or one large shock, “tipping” the system over a threshold and into a new stable state. Entering an alternative stable state is associated with a change to system function, usually being difficult to reve ...
... arise following a critical degree of change, resulting from either many small cumulative changes or one large shock, “tipping” the system over a threshold and into a new stable state. Entering an alternative stable state is associated with a change to system function, usually being difficult to reve ...
Climate engineering
Climate engineering, also referred to as geoengineering or climate intervention, is the deliberate and large-scale intervention in the Earth’s climatic system with the aim of limiting adverse climate change. Climate engineering is an umbrella term for two types of measures: carbon dioxide removal and solar radiation management. Carbon dioxide removal addresses the cause of climate change by removing one of the greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide) from the atmosphere. Solar radiation management attempts to offset effects of greenhouse gases by causing the Earth to absorb less solar radiation.Climate engineering approaches are sometimes viewed as additional potential options for limiting climate change, alongside mitigation and adaptation. There is substantial agreement among scientists that climate engineering cannot substitute climate change mitigation. Some approaches might be used as accompanying measures to sharp cuts in greenhouse gas emissions. Given that all types of measures addressing climate change have economic, political or physical limitations a some climate engineering approaches might eventually be used as part of an ensemble of measures. Research on costs, benefits, and various types of risks of most climate engineering approaches is at an early stage and their understanding needs to improve to judge their adequacy and feasibility.No known large-scale climate engineering projects have taken place to date. Almost all research into solar geoengineering has consisted of computer modelling or laboratory tests, and attempts to move to real-world experimentation have proved controversial for many types of climate engineering. Some practices, such as planting of trees and whitening of surfaces as well as bio-energy with carbon capture and storage projects are underway, their scalability to effectively affect global climate is however debated. Ocean iron fertilization has been given small-scale research trials, sparking substantial controversy.Most experts and major reports advise against relying on geoengineering techniques as a simple solution to climate change, in part due to the large uncertainties over effectiveness and side effects. However, most experts also argue that the risks of such interventions must be seen in the context of risks of dangerous climate change. Interventions at large scale may run a greater risk disrupting natural systems resulting in a dilemma that those approaches that could prove highly (cost-) effective in addressing extreme climate risk, might themselves cause substantial risk. Some have suggested that the concept of geoengineering the climate presents a moral hazard because it could reduce political and public pressure for emissions reduction, which could exacerbate overall climate risks.Groups such as ETC Group and some climate researchers (such as Raymond Pierrehumbert) are in favour of a moratorium on out-of-doors testing and deployment of SRM.