The Vulnerability of the Carbon Cycle in the 21st Century
... In this chapter, we adopt an approach that is similar to a risk analysis and attempt to identify the magnitude and likelihood of key feedbacks in the carbon-climatehuman system. We focus on the major carbon pools and quantify the maximum fraction of these pools that are potentially at risk over the ...
... In this chapter, we adopt an approach that is similar to a risk analysis and attempt to identify the magnitude and likelihood of key feedbacks in the carbon-climatehuman system. We focus on the major carbon pools and quantify the maximum fraction of these pools that are potentially at risk over the ...
Incorporating estuaries as a source or sink of sediment within
... the Holocene; accordingly, mature estuaries have strongly positive sediment budgets, while immature estuaries have weakly positive sediment budgets. Should these antecedent conditions continue in the future, mature estuaries may continue to infill at rates that approach equilibrium with the rate of ...
... the Holocene; accordingly, mature estuaries have strongly positive sediment budgets, while immature estuaries have weakly positive sediment budgets. Should these antecedent conditions continue in the future, mature estuaries may continue to infill at rates that approach equilibrium with the rate of ...
Projection of occurrence of extreme drywet years and seasons in
... [9] Dosio and Paruolo [2011] showed that the bias correction improved significantly not only the present climate mean statistics but also the time-dependent properties, such as the number of consecutive dry days and the cumulative amount of rainfall for consecutive heavy precipitation days. The need ...
... [9] Dosio and Paruolo [2011] showed that the bias correction improved significantly not only the present climate mean statistics but also the time-dependent properties, such as the number of consecutive dry days and the cumulative amount of rainfall for consecutive heavy precipitation days. The need ...
Dubuque, Iowa Greenhouse Gas Inventory
... in 2003 and 2007, respectively (Table ES1). In both years, fugitive methane emissions from the Dubuque Metropolitan Area Solid Waste Agency (DMASWA) landfill constituted over 2/3 of the total. Carbon dioxide accounted for the bulk of remaining emissions (Table ES1). In 2003, water delivery (11%), wa ...
... in 2003 and 2007, respectively (Table ES1). In both years, fugitive methane emissions from the Dubuque Metropolitan Area Solid Waste Agency (DMASWA) landfill constituted over 2/3 of the total. Carbon dioxide accounted for the bulk of remaining emissions (Table ES1). In 2003, water delivery (11%), wa ...
Cognitive and Behavioral Challenges in Responding to Climate Change P R
... In some studies, more informed respondents reported less concern or sense of responsibility towards climate change. People stop paying attention to global climate change when they realize that there is no easy solution for it. Many people judge as serious only those problems for which they think act ...
... In some studies, more informed respondents reported less concern or sense of responsibility towards climate change. People stop paying attention to global climate change when they realize that there is no easy solution for it. Many people judge as serious only those problems for which they think act ...
Summary Report CwD Project Profile 2012
... organisations, including United Nations (UN) agencies, are engaging in adaptation and development activities using a variety of approaches including community-based adaptation (CBA). Many of the projects demonstrate that autonomous strategies that were effective in dealing with past climate variabil ...
... organisations, including United Nations (UN) agencies, are engaging in adaptation and development activities using a variety of approaches including community-based adaptation (CBA). Many of the projects demonstrate that autonomous strategies that were effective in dealing with past climate variabil ...
Draft Cars Model Story Line - Tufts Office of Sustainability
... can boost removals CO2 in the Atmosphere ...
... can boost removals CO2 in the Atmosphere ...
A NEPA Climate Paradox: Taking Greenhouse Gases into Account
... 19. See 40 C.F.R. § 1500.2(d) (2008) (“Federal agencies shall to the fullest extent possible . . . facilitate public involvement in decisions which affect the quality of the human environment.”); see also Robertson, 490 U.S. at 349 (finding that NEPA’s EIS requirement serves to guarantee that “the r ...
... 19. See 40 C.F.R. § 1500.2(d) (2008) (“Federal agencies shall to the fullest extent possible . . . facilitate public involvement in decisions which affect the quality of the human environment.”); see also Robertson, 490 U.S. at 349 (finding that NEPA’s EIS requirement serves to guarantee that “the r ...
How is the stratosphere-troposphere coupling af
... The impact of stratospheric variability seems to be covered qualitatively by stratosphere resolving models (cf. 2.1.4). In contrast, Stenchikov et al. (2006) und Miller et al. (2006) concluded that the tropospheric climate response due to volcanic eruptions was underestimated by the IPCC AR4 oceanat ...
... The impact of stratospheric variability seems to be covered qualitatively by stratosphere resolving models (cf. 2.1.4). In contrast, Stenchikov et al. (2006) und Miller et al. (2006) concluded that the tropospheric climate response due to volcanic eruptions was underestimated by the IPCC AR4 oceanat ...
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... trade of emission reductions, both across countries and over time, and model a policy scenario to reflect the expected outcome of negotiations in which only industrialized countries agree to particular targets for emission reductions initially, with developing nations accepting emission-reduction co ...
... trade of emission reductions, both across countries and over time, and model a policy scenario to reflect the expected outcome of negotiations in which only industrialized countries agree to particular targets for emission reductions initially, with developing nations accepting emission-reduction co ...
Regional climate change experiments over southern South America
... particularly in DJF. Note the maximum increase in the geopotential height in DJF over the southern South Atlantic Ocean for both scenario simulations which induces a weakening of the north–south gradient. In consequence, westerly winds in low levels are expected to be weaker in both scenarios compar ...
... particularly in DJF. Note the maximum increase in the geopotential height in DJF over the southern South Atlantic Ocean for both scenario simulations which induces a weakening of the north–south gradient. In consequence, westerly winds in low levels are expected to be weaker in both scenarios compar ...
Quantifying the relative contribution of the climate and direct human
... of mean annual potential evaporation and precipitation to the streamflow change. As a result, in Figure 1 the movement of a watershed along the horizontal direction (i.e., the change of Ep/P) is only driven by climate change or variability. The movement of a watershed along the vertical direction ca ...
... of mean annual potential evaporation and precipitation to the streamflow change. As a result, in Figure 1 the movement of a watershed along the horizontal direction (i.e., the change of Ep/P) is only driven by climate change or variability. The movement of a watershed along the vertical direction ca ...
early human health effects of climate change and stratospheric
... Table 2. Research programmes within the framework of the EU addressing the impacts of climate change: agriculture, forestry and soils.............................................................................................................................................................. 11 Table ...
... Table 2. Research programmes within the framework of the EU addressing the impacts of climate change: agriculture, forestry and soils.............................................................................................................................................................. 11 Table ...
thirsty country: climate change and drought in
... affected by drought throughout history, with significant droughts such as the Federation Drought (1895–1903), which led to the loss of millions of cattle, and the World War II drought (1939–1945), which contributed to plummeting wheat yields and disastrous bushfires (BoM 2014a; 2014b). The ‘Big Dry’ ...
... affected by drought throughout history, with significant droughts such as the Federation Drought (1895–1903), which led to the loss of millions of cattle, and the World War II drought (1939–1945), which contributed to plummeting wheat yields and disastrous bushfires (BoM 2014a; 2014b). The ‘Big Dry’ ...
Terrestrial ecosystems response to future changes
... for the RCP 8.5 (2.6) scenario. In all scenarios, the decrease in soil carbon and litter mass HS (Fig. 1f) is small relative to changes in vegetation biomass HV . The simulated uptake of atmospheric carbon over land is primarily the result of an increase in vegetation biomass. Figure 2 displays the ...
... for the RCP 8.5 (2.6) scenario. In all scenarios, the decrease in soil carbon and litter mass HS (Fig. 1f) is small relative to changes in vegetation biomass HV . The simulated uptake of atmospheric carbon over land is primarily the result of an increase in vegetation biomass. Figure 2 displays the ...
Climate change impacts and adaptation in the Southern
... change, these being physiology, distribution, phenology, and adaptation (Hughes, 2000). Firstly, changes in temperature, pressure, and CO2 concentrations will affect species’ physiology, manifesting itself through changes in metabolism, development, and photosynthesis in plants (Walther et al., 2002 ...
... change, these being physiology, distribution, phenology, and adaptation (Hughes, 2000). Firstly, changes in temperature, pressure, and CO2 concentrations will affect species’ physiology, manifesting itself through changes in metabolism, development, and photosynthesis in plants (Walther et al., 2002 ...
A 10-Year Multidisciplinary Program on the Mediterranean Water
... domain; more details in the text). Therefore, there is a need for better understanding the social and natural dynamics of such events in order to improve regional water cycle has therefore been affected and the forecasting and warning capabilities of the exposed will continue to be affected by decad ...
... domain; more details in the text). Therefore, there is a need for better understanding the social and natural dynamics of such events in order to improve regional water cycle has therefore been affected and the forecasting and warning capabilities of the exposed will continue to be affected by decad ...
Global Climate Change and the Risks to Coastal Areas from
... induced climate change. In addition, there is no consensus on the relative importance of climate change as a factor in future hurricane trends. Some scientists take the position that, even if climate change has the potential to spawn more intense hurricanes, the natural hurricane cycle in the North ...
... induced climate change. In addition, there is no consensus on the relative importance of climate change as a factor in future hurricane trends. Some scientists take the position that, even if climate change has the potential to spawn more intense hurricanes, the natural hurricane cycle in the North ...
What are the main money instruments used by the CDM?
... although the six GHGs regulated by the Kyoto Protocol should also be regulated by any future climate regime, any future treaty or treaties should address each gas separately” (Wara 2006). The last question that is to be answered is is the CDM an effective method in reducing climate change. The effec ...
... although the six GHGs regulated by the Kyoto Protocol should also be regulated by any future climate regime, any future treaty or treaties should address each gas separately” (Wara 2006). The last question that is to be answered is is the CDM an effective method in reducing climate change. The effec ...
INSTITUTIONAL AND COMMUNITY CHARACTERISTICS FOR CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION A Thesis Presented
... CO2e absorption capacities. Furthermore, all existing systems allow firms to obtain more tradable emissions permits if they offset their emissions by funding other activities that sequester carbon dioxide or reduce emissions in regions with no caps. Policies that allow for the use of offset credits ...
... CO2e absorption capacities. Furthermore, all existing systems allow firms to obtain more tradable emissions permits if they offset their emissions by funding other activities that sequester carbon dioxide or reduce emissions in regions with no caps. Policies that allow for the use of offset credits ...
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... respectively. As part of the study, Finnish investors receive free access to an Excel based tool that allows them to run their own Finnish investments against the companies listed on Nasdaq Helsinki. The tool can be found on Sitra’s website, www.sitra.fi. ...
... respectively. As part of the study, Finnish investors receive free access to an Excel based tool that allows them to run their own Finnish investments against the companies listed on Nasdaq Helsinki. The tool can be found on Sitra’s website, www.sitra.fi. ...
Understanding patterns of resilient economic development. Rwanda
... avoid the economic and societal costs of climate change. This will allow decision makers within government and bi- and multi-lateral donor agencies to identify what development trajectories can support climate resilient growth and poverty reduction. As such, this research aims to understand how patt ...
... avoid the economic and societal costs of climate change. This will allow decision makers within government and bi- and multi-lateral donor agencies to identify what development trajectories can support climate resilient growth and poverty reduction. As such, this research aims to understand how patt ...
Annex II Risk profile outline
... The polar regions and Mountain zones will experience decreased snow cover, reduced glaciers and permafrost thawing, increased cloudiness and increased precipitation. The polar sea ice will break open and the polar regions will experience an increase in fresh-water run-off. The temperate, mediterrane ...
... The polar regions and Mountain zones will experience decreased snow cover, reduced glaciers and permafrost thawing, increased cloudiness and increased precipitation. The polar sea ice will break open and the polar regions will experience an increase in fresh-water run-off. The temperate, mediterrane ...
climate change adaptation, planning, and the law
... The workshop was designed specifically for law students, and urban and regional planning students interested in climate change. The objectives of the workshop were: (i) to encourage discussion on current climate change legal matters, including climate change policy, regulation and litigation (ii) ...
... The workshop was designed specifically for law students, and urban and regional planning students interested in climate change. The objectives of the workshop were: (i) to encourage discussion on current climate change legal matters, including climate change policy, regulation and litigation (ii) ...
Kenya Talks Climate
... and greater unpredictability in weather patterns are having serious consequences for people who rely on land, lakes and seas to feed themselves and to earn a living. As a result, Africa’s engagement with the issue is evolving rapidly, presenting an opportunity to leapfrog the slow evolution of weste ...
... and greater unpredictability in weather patterns are having serious consequences for people who rely on land, lakes and seas to feed themselves and to earn a living. As a result, Africa’s engagement with the issue is evolving rapidly, presenting an opportunity to leapfrog the slow evolution of weste ...
Climate engineering
Climate engineering, also referred to as geoengineering or climate intervention, is the deliberate and large-scale intervention in the Earth’s climatic system with the aim of limiting adverse climate change. Climate engineering is an umbrella term for two types of measures: carbon dioxide removal and solar radiation management. Carbon dioxide removal addresses the cause of climate change by removing one of the greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide) from the atmosphere. Solar radiation management attempts to offset effects of greenhouse gases by causing the Earth to absorb less solar radiation.Climate engineering approaches are sometimes viewed as additional potential options for limiting climate change, alongside mitigation and adaptation. There is substantial agreement among scientists that climate engineering cannot substitute climate change mitigation. Some approaches might be used as accompanying measures to sharp cuts in greenhouse gas emissions. Given that all types of measures addressing climate change have economic, political or physical limitations a some climate engineering approaches might eventually be used as part of an ensemble of measures. Research on costs, benefits, and various types of risks of most climate engineering approaches is at an early stage and their understanding needs to improve to judge their adequacy and feasibility.No known large-scale climate engineering projects have taken place to date. Almost all research into solar geoengineering has consisted of computer modelling or laboratory tests, and attempts to move to real-world experimentation have proved controversial for many types of climate engineering. Some practices, such as planting of trees and whitening of surfaces as well as bio-energy with carbon capture and storage projects are underway, their scalability to effectively affect global climate is however debated. Ocean iron fertilization has been given small-scale research trials, sparking substantial controversy.Most experts and major reports advise against relying on geoengineering techniques as a simple solution to climate change, in part due to the large uncertainties over effectiveness and side effects. However, most experts also argue that the risks of such interventions must be seen in the context of risks of dangerous climate change. Interventions at large scale may run a greater risk disrupting natural systems resulting in a dilemma that those approaches that could prove highly (cost-) effective in addressing extreme climate risk, might themselves cause substantial risk. Some have suggested that the concept of geoengineering the climate presents a moral hazard because it could reduce political and public pressure for emissions reduction, which could exacerbate overall climate risks.Groups such as ETC Group and some climate researchers (such as Raymond Pierrehumbert) are in favour of a moratorium on out-of-doors testing and deployment of SRM.