parasitism food web module
... resource exploitation efficiencies at low densities, but low resource exploitation efficiencies at high densities (Appendix 1). As a result, some resources of N1 remain unexploited by N2, even at high N2 density. The BD function is not restricted to plant–pollinator systems as analyzed by Fishman an ...
... resource exploitation efficiencies at low densities, but low resource exploitation efficiencies at high densities (Appendix 1). As a result, some resources of N1 remain unexploited by N2, even at high N2 density. The BD function is not restricted to plant–pollinator systems as analyzed by Fishman an ...
Ameiurus natalis (Lesueur, 1819) - CIRCABC
... be hindered by the temperate climate. This would inhibit reproduction, as it requires temperatures >21° C (Kazyak and Raesby, 2003). The North American catfish Ameiurus catus was recorded as introduced to Europe for the first time in Great Britain. An albino variety of 620 mm fork length and 4550 g ...
... be hindered by the temperate climate. This would inhibit reproduction, as it requires temperatures >21° C (Kazyak and Raesby, 2003). The North American catfish Ameiurus catus was recorded as introduced to Europe for the first time in Great Britain. An albino variety of 620 mm fork length and 4550 g ...
Restoration of intertidal flats and tidal salt marshes
... brackish lagoons. As a result the basal peat layer was covered by marine sediments, before the area became totally submerged. This transgressive process continued until the mid-Holocene, after which the coastline stabilized more or less at its present position. As a result of the decline in sea-leve ...
... brackish lagoons. As a result the basal peat layer was covered by marine sediments, before the area became totally submerged. This transgressive process continued until the mid-Holocene, after which the coastline stabilized more or less at its present position. As a result of the decline in sea-leve ...
Free sample of
... e. bacteria breaking down food for a host and having a sheltered habitat ANS: D PTS: 1 TOP: 5-1 How Do Species Interact? ...
... e. bacteria breaking down food for a host and having a sheltered habitat ANS: D PTS: 1 TOP: 5-1 How Do Species Interact? ...
ECOLOGICAL MODELING OF AMERICAN LOBSTER (Homarus
... community structure of the GOM American lobster ecosystem for the mid-1 980s and mid-1990s. I also simulated ecosystem dynamics in the GOM from 1985 to 1997 using Ecosim, evaluated the interactions of population dynamics of Atlantic cod and American lobster, and predicted the possible response of t ...
... community structure of the GOM American lobster ecosystem for the mid-1 980s and mid-1990s. I also simulated ecosystem dynamics in the GOM from 1985 to 1997 using Ecosim, evaluated the interactions of population dynamics of Atlantic cod and American lobster, and predicted the possible response of t ...
Strawberry Reservoir Fishery Management Plan
... comparison to the estimated 64 million eaten by cutthroat predators the next year in the diet study, but does offer some help in chub control, and provided a viable commercial operation at the time. Currently these harvesters are not taking fish from Strawberry, largely because numbers of smaller ch ...
... comparison to the estimated 64 million eaten by cutthroat predators the next year in the diet study, but does offer some help in chub control, and provided a viable commercial operation at the time. Currently these harvesters are not taking fish from Strawberry, largely because numbers of smaller ch ...
Document
... some of which have already had major effects worldwide. These unique tropical environments harbor a high diversity of corals, reef invertebrates, fish and other animals and plants. In most taxa, the species diversity of reef-associated organisms is poorly understood because many of the species have ...
... some of which have already had major effects worldwide. These unique tropical environments harbor a high diversity of corals, reef invertebrates, fish and other animals and plants. In most taxa, the species diversity of reef-associated organisms is poorly understood because many of the species have ...
Ecosystems and Their Services - Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
... social factors, so the system categories provide a useful framework for analyzing the consequences of ecosystem change for human well-being. Because the boundaries of these reporting categories overlap, any place on Earth may fall into more than one category. Thus a wetland ecosystem in a coastal re ...
... social factors, so the system categories provide a useful framework for analyzing the consequences of ecosystem change for human well-being. Because the boundaries of these reporting categories overlap, any place on Earth may fall into more than one category. Thus a wetland ecosystem in a coastal re ...
Management of Recreational Fish Ponds in Texas
... can be stocked in larger farm ponds (more than 25 acres), but only after the largemouth bass initially stocked have spawned several times. Also, largemouth bass harvest must be carefully controlled to ensure enough bass in the pond to control crappie numbers. Flathead catfish are voracious eaters, c ...
... can be stocked in larger farm ponds (more than 25 acres), but only after the largemouth bass initially stocked have spawned several times. Also, largemouth bass harvest must be carefully controlled to ensure enough bass in the pond to control crappie numbers. Flathead catfish are voracious eaters, c ...
American Journal of Botan
... changes due to habitat fragmentation (reviewed by Urban et al., 2009). Habitat fragments can be represented as nodes in a spatial network connected via species dispersal to model connectivity at multiple spatial scales (Cumming et al., 2010; Dale and Fortin, 2010). These spatial habitat networks int ...
... changes due to habitat fragmentation (reviewed by Urban et al., 2009). Habitat fragments can be represented as nodes in a spatial network connected via species dispersal to model connectivity at multiple spatial scales (Cumming et al., 2010; Dale and Fortin, 2010). These spatial habitat networks int ...
Cohort Dynamics Give Rise to Alternative Stable Community States.
... species, reproduction takes place during a discrete time period in the beginning of the growing season (e.g., Rajasilta et al. 1993), assuming that spawning intensity is a hump-shaped function with a maximum in the middle of the spawning period (table A2, eq. [A21]). All energy for spawning is assum ...
... species, reproduction takes place during a discrete time period in the beginning of the growing season (e.g., Rajasilta et al. 1993), assuming that spawning intensity is a hump-shaped function with a maximum in the middle of the spawning period (table A2, eq. [A21]). All energy for spawning is assum ...
The role of macrophytes in habitat structuring in aquatic
... complexity and heterogeneity and affect various organisms like invertebrates, fishes and waterbirds. The complexity provided by macrophytes has been exhaustively studied in aquatic environments. However, macrophyte complexity has rarely been measured in a standardized fashion, making comparisons amo ...
... complexity and heterogeneity and affect various organisms like invertebrates, fishes and waterbirds. The complexity provided by macrophytes has been exhaustively studied in aquatic environments. However, macrophyte complexity has rarely been measured in a standardized fashion, making comparisons amo ...
The interplay of physical and biotic factors in
... Miller and LaBarbera, 1995). Still open for testing is exactly how these extrinsic factors interacted with intrinsic ones. The waxing and waning of individual clades, partly a function of intrinsic factors such as those discussed above, might have helped to determine how many species of, say, murici ...
... Miller and LaBarbera, 1995). Still open for testing is exactly how these extrinsic factors interacted with intrinsic ones. The waxing and waning of individual clades, partly a function of intrinsic factors such as those discussed above, might have helped to determine how many species of, say, murici ...
The Role of Macroinvertebrates in Stream Ecosystem Function
... Despite the abundant evidence from both field and laboratory studies for either strong bottom-up or top-down influence by consumers in streams, many of the studies reviewed below (as well as many others) suffer from one or more deficiencies: ( a ) They were conducted at specific times of the year an ...
... Despite the abundant evidence from both field and laboratory studies for either strong bottom-up or top-down influence by consumers in streams, many of the studies reviewed below (as well as many others) suffer from one or more deficiencies: ( a ) They were conducted at specific times of the year an ...
pdf file - UNM Biology - University of New Mexico
... of precipitation, plant response, and rodent dynamics, apparently because of differences in summer precipitation. Winter precipitation, including that associated with El Niño, comes from frontal storm systems that originate over the Pacific Ocean and then travel eastward across the southwestern Unit ...
... of precipitation, plant response, and rodent dynamics, apparently because of differences in summer precipitation. Winter precipitation, including that associated with El Niño, comes from frontal storm systems that originate over the Pacific Ocean and then travel eastward across the southwestern Unit ...
Insect herbivory in an experimental agroecosystem: the relative
... locations (Table 1). In plots with 64 m2 of clover habitat, biomass was relatively constant across the combinations of fragmentation and matrix composition (Fig. 2). On the other hand, clover biomass in plots with 16 m2 of habitat was substantially higher in plots with bare-ground matrix than in plo ...
... locations (Table 1). In plots with 64 m2 of clover habitat, biomass was relatively constant across the combinations of fragmentation and matrix composition (Fig. 2). On the other hand, clover biomass in plots with 16 m2 of habitat was substantially higher in plots with bare-ground matrix than in plo ...
Managing Natural Biodiversity in the Western Australian Wheatbelt
... As has commonly occurred elsewhere in the world, land acquisition for conservation in Western Australia long preceded effective management. Although there have been major advances in the operational management of conservation lands since the Department of Conservation and Land Management formed in 1 ...
... As has commonly occurred elsewhere in the world, land acquisition for conservation in Western Australia long preceded effective management. Although there have been major advances in the operational management of conservation lands since the Department of Conservation and Land Management formed in 1 ...
University of Groningen Herbivores, resources and risks
... resources as herbivores are regulated by predators [5,12]. Previous research has elucidated the complexity of trophic interactions by breaking each trophic level into more fundamental components (Figure 1). Specifically, the roles of abiotic factors, disturbances, quality and quantity of primary pro ...
... resources as herbivores are regulated by predators [5,12]. Previous research has elucidated the complexity of trophic interactions by breaking each trophic level into more fundamental components (Figure 1). Specifically, the roles of abiotic factors, disturbances, quality and quantity of primary pro ...
A Basis for Relative Growth Rate Differences Between Native and
... Study Species, Growth Conditions, and Harvests We selected 6 perennial native forbs and 6 perennial invasive forbs for the experiment (Table 1). The pool of native forbs consisted of species locally abundant to eastern Oregon and species used widely in restoration efforts in the Intermountain West. ...
... Study Species, Growth Conditions, and Harvests We selected 6 perennial native forbs and 6 perennial invasive forbs for the experiment (Table 1). The pool of native forbs consisted of species locally abundant to eastern Oregon and species used widely in restoration efforts in the Intermountain West. ...
science advice from the risk assessment of the invasive bloody red
... Canada, focusing on two geographic areas: the Great Lakes and Ontario inland lakes. H. anomala presents a moderate to high risk to the Great Lakes. Persistence over multiple years at some sites suggests it can survive, is established and has already spread within the Great Lakes to lakes Michigan, E ...
... Canada, focusing on two geographic areas: the Great Lakes and Ontario inland lakes. H. anomala presents a moderate to high risk to the Great Lakes. Persistence over multiple years at some sites suggests it can survive, is established and has already spread within the Great Lakes to lakes Michigan, E ...
TRUSTEES FOR ALASKA
... definitions put forward by NMFS in Amendments 56/56, both of which would have set MSST for Bering Sea and Gulf of Alaska groundfish stocks. The SSC stated that both alternatives were “fairly complex and difficult to compare in detail to the current approach” and recommended that the MSST alternativ ...
... definitions put forward by NMFS in Amendments 56/56, both of which would have set MSST for Bering Sea and Gulf of Alaska groundfish stocks. The SSC stated that both alternatives were “fairly complex and difficult to compare in detail to the current approach” and recommended that the MSST alternativ ...
Direct and indirect effects of the introduced alga Sargassum
... height and 6 cm in diameter. The traps were attached to the rock substrate just adjacent to each plot by screwing a bolt that protruded from the bottom of each trap into a tube of hexagonal nuts that had been attached to the rock with marine epoxy (Z-Spar splash zone compound™). Traps were deployed ...
... height and 6 cm in diameter. The traps were attached to the rock substrate just adjacent to each plot by screwing a bolt that protruded from the bottom of each trap into a tube of hexagonal nuts that had been attached to the rock with marine epoxy (Z-Spar splash zone compound™). Traps were deployed ...
Experimental demonstration of a trophic cascade in the Gal#_#
... species, has been presumed to dampen the strength of top predator control in trophic cascades, compared to simple webs with few species [9–11]. Indeed, a review of marine trophic cascades in the tropics found that strong top down control of herbivores is possible, but that effects rarely cascade dow ...
... species, has been presumed to dampen the strength of top predator control in trophic cascades, compared to simple webs with few species [9–11]. Indeed, a review of marine trophic cascades in the tropics found that strong top down control of herbivores is possible, but that effects rarely cascade dow ...
Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde : im Auftrage der Deutschen
... to the density and diversity of small mammals but when cover reached threshold levels the degree of plant Speeles diversity became important. Disparate Vegetation recovery after rain indicated that small mammals respond to cover improvement rather than rain itself. Recruitment and breeding condition ...
... to the density and diversity of small mammals but when cover reached threshold levels the degree of plant Speeles diversity became important. Disparate Vegetation recovery after rain indicated that small mammals respond to cover improvement rather than rain itself. Recruitment and breeding condition ...
Overexploitation
Overexploitation, also called overharvesting, refers to harvesting a renewable resource to the point of diminishing returns. Sustained overexploitation can lead to the destruction of the resource. The term applies to natural resources such as: wild medicinal plants, grazing pastures, game animals, fish stocks, forests, and water aquifers.In ecology, overexploitation describes one of the five main activities threatening global biodiversity. Ecologists use the term to describe populations that are harvested at a rate that is unsustainable, given their natural rates of mortality and capacities for reproduction. This can result in extinction at the population level and even extinction of whole species. In conservation biology the term is usually used in the context of human economic activity that involves the taking of biological resources, or organisms, in larger numbers than their populations can withstand. The term is also used and defined somewhat differently in fisheries, hydrology and natural resource management.Overexploitation can lead to resource destruction, including extinctions. However it is also possible for overexploitation to be sustainable, as discussed below in the section on fisheries. In the context of fishing, the term overfishing can be used instead of overexploitation, as can overgrazing in stock management, overlogging in forest management, overdrafting in aquifer management, and endangered species in species monitoring. Overexploitation is not an activity limited to humans. Introduced predators and herbivores, for example, can overexploit native flora and fauna.