University of Groningen Production by intertidal benthic
... A key problem in understanding the non-breeding distribution of shorebirds is whether or not their use of particular intertidal sites is limited by the benthic food supply (Evans & Dugan 1984, Goss-Custard 1985). In saying this, it is of immediate importance to state what is meant by 'their use', by ...
... A key problem in understanding the non-breeding distribution of shorebirds is whether or not their use of particular intertidal sites is limited by the benthic food supply (Evans & Dugan 1984, Goss-Custard 1985). In saying this, it is of immediate importance to state what is meant by 'their use', by ...
Herbivores, resources and risks: alternating regulation along
... determined largely by the availability of abiotic resources as herbivores are regulated by ...
... determined largely by the availability of abiotic resources as herbivores are regulated by ...
Similar biotic factors affect early establishment and abundance of an
... exotics. This discrepancy among studies suggests that more experimental studies, coupled with observational studies across landscapes, are necessary to understand whether and how resource availability and community structure limits invasions at various stages of invasion (i.e., establishment and pop ...
... exotics. This discrepancy among studies suggests that more experimental studies, coupled with observational studies across landscapes, are necessary to understand whether and how resource availability and community structure limits invasions at various stages of invasion (i.e., establishment and pop ...
Similar biotic factors affect early establishment and abundance of an
... exotics. This discrepancy among studies suggests that more experimental studies, coupled with observational studies across landscapes, are necessary to understand whether and how resource availability and community structure limits invasions at various stages of invasion (i.e., establishment and pop ...
... exotics. This discrepancy among studies suggests that more experimental studies, coupled with observational studies across landscapes, are necessary to understand whether and how resource availability and community structure limits invasions at various stages of invasion (i.e., establishment and pop ...
How do generalist consumers coexist over evolutionary time? An
... are the supply points of resources 1 and 2, respectively, in the absence of consumption, and d1 and d2 are the chemostat flow rates. For mathematical tractability, we assume that d1 =d2 and S1 =S2. These assumptions mean that both resources have identical growth dynamics apart from depletion due to ...
... are the supply points of resources 1 and 2, respectively, in the absence of consumption, and d1 and d2 are the chemostat flow rates. For mathematical tractability, we assume that d1 =d2 and S1 =S2. These assumptions mean that both resources have identical growth dynamics apart from depletion due to ...
Quapaw Traditional Lifeways Scenario
... databases available for exposure factors (e.g., contemporary diets and human activity data) that have been summarized in EPA guidance. For the general suburban population the exposure scenario used in risk assessments is well defined in EPA guidance (EPA, 1992, 1997) 2 . However, there are no tribal ...
... databases available for exposure factors (e.g., contemporary diets and human activity data) that have been summarized in EPA guidance. For the general suburban population the exposure scenario used in risk assessments is well defined in EPA guidance (EPA, 1992, 1997) 2 . However, there are no tribal ...
Impacts of native fish stocking on fish within the Murray
... Table 1. Reasons for stocking.................................................................................................63 Table 2. Numbers of four key native species stocked into different catchments of the MDB64 Table 3. Extent of impacts associated with abundance and behavioural responses t ...
... Table 1. Reasons for stocking.................................................................................................63 Table 2. Numbers of four key native species stocked into different catchments of the MDB64 Table 3. Extent of impacts associated with abundance and behavioural responses t ...
Chapter 17 Notes
... Paramecium caudatum—the defeated species in his earlier experiments—with a third species, P. bursaria. • Both species survived in the culture tubes because, like MacArthur’s warblers, the two species of Paramecium divided the food resources. Chapter menu ...
... Paramecium caudatum—the defeated species in his earlier experiments—with a third species, P. bursaria. • Both species survived in the culture tubes because, like MacArthur’s warblers, the two species of Paramecium divided the food resources. Chapter menu ...
Biomass Flow and Scavengers Use of Carcasses after Re
... snow [12]. However, predator kills are often consumed to a large extent by the predator itself [13], forcing scavengers to rely more on animals that have died from other causes than predation [1]. Scavenging kills by large predators is also a risky behaviour due to intra-guild predation [14]. Wolves ...
... snow [12]. However, predator kills are often consumed to a large extent by the predator itself [13], forcing scavengers to rely more on animals that have died from other causes than predation [1]. Scavenging kills by large predators is also a risky behaviour due to intra-guild predation [14]. Wolves ...
Towards a framework for assessment and management of
... high-level predators seemed to be more vulnerable to trawling and other fishing techniques, respectively, because these components are specifically targeted by such activities. Large fish farms, through increased sedimentation, nutrient load, and light restriction, were believed to be a second major ...
... high-level predators seemed to be more vulnerable to trawling and other fishing techniques, respectively, because these components are specifically targeted by such activities. Large fish farms, through increased sedimentation, nutrient load, and light restriction, were believed to be a second major ...
Ecology and Management of the Bull Kelp, Nereocystis luetkeana
... canyons where they fuel food webs in the absence of other sources of primary production (Harrold et al. 1998; Kim 1992; Vetter 1995). Floating kelp rafts also may serve as habitat for larval and juvenile fishes, effectively transporting them among spatially isolated local populations of adults (Hobd ...
... canyons where they fuel food webs in the absence of other sources of primary production (Harrold et al. 1998; Kim 1992; Vetter 1995). Floating kelp rafts also may serve as habitat for larval and juvenile fishes, effectively transporting them among spatially isolated local populations of adults (Hobd ...
Direct and Indirect Ecosystem Effects of Evolutionary
... ecosystem from knowledge of direct effects alone is nontrivial (Leroux and Loreau 2010). The problem is exacerbated in communities with a significant number of omnivores that exploit several trophic levels (Polis and Strong 1996). Because indirect effects represent, by definition, two or more links ...
... ecosystem from knowledge of direct effects alone is nontrivial (Leroux and Loreau 2010). The problem is exacerbated in communities with a significant number of omnivores that exploit several trophic levels (Polis and Strong 1996). Because indirect effects represent, by definition, two or more links ...
Biodiversity and ecosystem services: does species diversity
... ecosystem services and biodiversity but a saturating relation is most likely, where effectiveness increases with increasing biodiversity levels until a saturation point is reached, where additional species no longer leads to an increase in service level. The main focus in the reviewed literature lie ...
... ecosystem services and biodiversity but a saturating relation is most likely, where effectiveness increases with increasing biodiversity levels until a saturation point is reached, where additional species no longer leads to an increase in service level. The main focus in the reviewed literature lie ...
Giving eyes to pelagic trawls - BORA
... Trawls accumulate catch over time, collecting and mixing organisms over a trawl path that is generally kilometres in length and may have captured individuals at multiple depths within the water column. All information is lost about when each individual entered the trawl. With heightened focus on spe ...
... Trawls accumulate catch over time, collecting and mixing organisms over a trawl path that is generally kilometres in length and may have captured individuals at multiple depths within the water column. All information is lost about when each individual entered the trawl. With heightened focus on spe ...
Pages 16-144 - South Atlantic Fishery Management Council
... landscape in South Atlantic estuaries. S. alterniflora is able to tolerate salinities from sea strength to freshwater, as well as the saturated soils that are characteristic of twice-daily tidal inundation. S. alterniflora, a true grass, commonly occurs in vast stands growing on the fine grained soi ...
... landscape in South Atlantic estuaries. S. alterniflora is able to tolerate salinities from sea strength to freshwater, as well as the saturated soils that are characteristic of twice-daily tidal inundation. S. alterniflora, a true grass, commonly occurs in vast stands growing on the fine grained soi ...
Journal of Animal Ecology 82(6) - Seagrass Ecosystems Research
... natural conditions (e.g. Heck & Valentine 2006, 2007) since most studies have occurred in disrupted communities (Jackson 1997; Heck & Valentine 2007). Jackson et al. (2001) suggested that seagrass communities historically would have had much lower biomass and a vastly different community structure b ...
... natural conditions (e.g. Heck & Valentine 2006, 2007) since most studies have occurred in disrupted communities (Jackson 1997; Heck & Valentine 2007). Jackson et al. (2001) suggested that seagrass communities historically would have had much lower biomass and a vastly different community structure b ...
Habitat Fragmentation – In Theory
... This study examines the effects of habitat fragmentation on the carabid beetle species richness and abundance in fragmented forest habitats relative to non fragmented forest habitats. Based on previous studies, Davies and Margules hypothesized that carabid beetle species richness would decrease in ...
... This study examines the effects of habitat fragmentation on the carabid beetle species richness and abundance in fragmented forest habitats relative to non fragmented forest habitats. Based on previous studies, Davies and Margules hypothesized that carabid beetle species richness would decrease in ...
Kelp forest ecosystems - Cambridge University Press
... and the western North Atlantic. Globally urchininduced deforestation has been increasing over the past 2–3 decades. Continued fishing down of coastal food webs has resulted in shifting harvesting targets from apex predators to their invertebrate prey, including kelp-grazing herbivores. The recent gl ...
... and the western North Atlantic. Globally urchininduced deforestation has been increasing over the past 2–3 decades. Continued fishing down of coastal food webs has resulted in shifting harvesting targets from apex predators to their invertebrate prey, including kelp-grazing herbivores. The recent gl ...
Desert Pupfish (Cyprinodon macularius)
... 5. Restore and enhance degraded habitat as necessary according to monitoring results. 6. Conduct experiments on the timing and mechanics of drain cleaning that would minimize impacts to desert pupfish. 7. Estimate distribution and/or population size of desert pupfish. 8. Survey contaminant levels in ...
... 5. Restore and enhance degraded habitat as necessary according to monitoring results. 6. Conduct experiments on the timing and mechanics of drain cleaning that would minimize impacts to desert pupfish. 7. Estimate distribution and/or population size of desert pupfish. 8. Survey contaminant levels in ...
Contrasting Ecology Shapes Juvenile Lake-Type
... points that could be identified on every fish and were selected to appropriately capture the profile of each fish. Landmark 1 is the most anterior point on the dentary bone. Landmarks representing the width of the orbit were taken at the anterior (landmark 2) and posterior (landmark 3) extremes of t ...
... points that could be identified on every fish and were selected to appropriately capture the profile of each fish. Landmark 1 is the most anterior point on the dentary bone. Landmarks representing the width of the orbit were taken at the anterior (landmark 2) and posterior (landmark 3) extremes of t ...
Kelp Forest Ecosystems - Digital Commons @ UMaine
... and the western North Atlantic. Globally urchininduced deforestation has been increasing over the past 2–3 decades. Continued fishing down of coastal food webs has resulted in shifting harvesting targets from apex predators to their invertebrate prey, including kelp-grazing herbivores. The recent gl ...
... and the western North Atlantic. Globally urchininduced deforestation has been increasing over the past 2–3 decades. Continued fishing down of coastal food webs has resulted in shifting harvesting targets from apex predators to their invertebrate prey, including kelp-grazing herbivores. The recent gl ...
Lambden and Johnson 2013 biomass
... An accurate and more detailed understanding of parasite biomass is essential for understanding the flow of energy through ecosystems with additional potential contributions to investigations of the metabolic theory of ecology (Arneberg et al. 1998; George-Nascimento et al. 2004; Hechinger et al. 201 ...
... An accurate and more detailed understanding of parasite biomass is essential for understanding the flow of energy through ecosystems with additional potential contributions to investigations of the metabolic theory of ecology (Arneberg et al. 1998; George-Nascimento et al. 2004; Hechinger et al. 201 ...
Overexploitation
Overexploitation, also called overharvesting, refers to harvesting a renewable resource to the point of diminishing returns. Sustained overexploitation can lead to the destruction of the resource. The term applies to natural resources such as: wild medicinal plants, grazing pastures, game animals, fish stocks, forests, and water aquifers.In ecology, overexploitation describes one of the five main activities threatening global biodiversity. Ecologists use the term to describe populations that are harvested at a rate that is unsustainable, given their natural rates of mortality and capacities for reproduction. This can result in extinction at the population level and even extinction of whole species. In conservation biology the term is usually used in the context of human economic activity that involves the taking of biological resources, or organisms, in larger numbers than their populations can withstand. The term is also used and defined somewhat differently in fisheries, hydrology and natural resource management.Overexploitation can lead to resource destruction, including extinctions. However it is also possible for overexploitation to be sustainable, as discussed below in the section on fisheries. In the context of fishing, the term overfishing can be used instead of overexploitation, as can overgrazing in stock management, overlogging in forest management, overdrafting in aquifer management, and endangered species in species monitoring. Overexploitation is not an activity limited to humans. Introduced predators and herbivores, for example, can overexploit native flora and fauna.