Prey, predators, parasites: intraguild predation or simpler community
... where V(A,B) and v(A,B) denote the biomass flow from species A to B; G(A,B,P) and g(A,B,P) the biomass flow from A to P; and H(A,B,P) and h(A,B,P) the biomass flow from B to P. There are three more demographic processes. First, there is an inflow r of biomass into the community, corresponding to intrins ...
... where V(A,B) and v(A,B) denote the biomass flow from species A to B; G(A,B,P) and g(A,B,P) the biomass flow from A to P; and H(A,B,P) and h(A,B,P) the biomass flow from B to P. There are three more demographic processes. First, there is an inflow r of biomass into the community, corresponding to intrins ...
Kelp Forests in California
... partition forest resources in a variety of ways, responding to variation in vegetation, predators, and competition. Grazing sea urchins and abalone have been of great interest relative to the dynamics of kelp forest ecosystems as the former can cause “deforestation” and the latter have severely decl ...
... partition forest resources in a variety of ways, responding to variation in vegetation, predators, and competition. Grazing sea urchins and abalone have been of great interest relative to the dynamics of kelp forest ecosystems as the former can cause “deforestation” and the latter have severely decl ...
- Warwick WRAP
... √ find that for S the correlation becomes negative (though insignificant), for K it rises very slightly to r2 = 0.508, and for Allesina and Tang’s estimate it drops below significance (see Section 3.2.5 of Supporting Information). In Section 3.2.1 of Supporting Information, we measure stability acco ...
... √ find that for S the correlation becomes negative (though insignificant), for K it rises very slightly to r2 = 0.508, and for Allesina and Tang’s estimate it drops below significance (see Section 3.2.5 of Supporting Information). In Section 3.2.1 of Supporting Information, we measure stability acco ...
Lack of relationship between below
... other transplanted seedling. The original design of this experiment involved each of these individuals receiving one of six treatments (manipulating below-ground competition, shoot competition, and potential hyphal growth). However, the drought resulted in the shoot competition and fungal growth tre ...
... other transplanted seedling. The original design of this experiment involved each of these individuals receiving one of six treatments (manipulating below-ground competition, shoot competition, and potential hyphal growth). However, the drought resulted in the shoot competition and fungal growth tre ...
BIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ANEMONE FISH - Library
... anemone was aimed to identify the biochemical composition in the fish mucous that enabled the protection of anemone fish against the stinging tentacles of sea anemones. Upon sampling, one species of sea anemone, Heteractis magnifica was identified with its resident anemone fish, the false clownfish, ...
... anemone was aimed to identify the biochemical composition in the fish mucous that enabled the protection of anemone fish against the stinging tentacles of sea anemones. Upon sampling, one species of sea anemone, Heteractis magnifica was identified with its resident anemone fish, the false clownfish, ...
Natural mortality of marine pelagic fish eggs and larvae: role of
... patchiness. The fraction of the total time that is spent searching for prey is directly proportional to the fracnon of the total area that is empty of prey, and the density of prey in the remaining area is directly proportional to the fraction of the total area that is empty of prey. The situation o ...
... patchiness. The fraction of the total time that is spent searching for prey is directly proportional to the fracnon of the total area that is empty of prey, and the density of prey in the remaining area is directly proportional to the fraction of the total area that is empty of prey. The situation o ...
link to thesis - Victoria University of Wellington
... temperate subtidal rocky coasts: the Laminareales, and the Fucales. Both of these families are habitat-forming species for a wide variety of invertebrates and fishes. Variation in the presence, density, and composition of brown macroalgae can have large influences on the evolution and ecology of ass ...
... temperate subtidal rocky coasts: the Laminareales, and the Fucales. Both of these families are habitat-forming species for a wide variety of invertebrates and fishes. Variation in the presence, density, and composition of brown macroalgae can have large influences on the evolution and ecology of ass ...
View/Open - Oregon State University
... or other seagrasses, which provide food, protection, and substrate (Pauley et al. 1986). Juvenile crabs between molts are called instars, and are visible on size frequency plots as peaks; first instars generally have a carapace width of between 5 and 8.5 mm (Pauley et al. 1986). Settlement intensity ...
... or other seagrasses, which provide food, protection, and substrate (Pauley et al. 1986). Juvenile crabs between molts are called instars, and are visible on size frequency plots as peaks; first instars generally have a carapace width of between 5 and 8.5 mm (Pauley et al. 1986). Settlement intensity ...
EXPLAINING THE INVASIVE SUCCESS OF THE EASTERN MOSQUITOFISH (GAMBUSIA HOLBROOKI):
... photoperiod. How seasonality varies along latitudinal gradients is not well understood in freshwater ecosystems, despite being important to predict the effects of climate change. Since fish and most stream organisms are ectotherms, ambient temperatures significantly affect their physiological rates ...
... photoperiod. How seasonality varies along latitudinal gradients is not well understood in freshwater ecosystems, despite being important to predict the effects of climate change. Since fish and most stream organisms are ectotherms, ambient temperatures significantly affect their physiological rates ...
Productivity, dispersal and the coexistence of intraguild predators
... include aquatic invertebrates such as amphipods (MacNeil et al., 2004) and larval caddisflies (Wissinger et al., 1996), and insect parasitoids engaging in multi-parasitism where within-host larval competition results in one species being consumed by another (Zwolfer, 1971; Polis et al., 1989; Amarase ...
... include aquatic invertebrates such as amphipods (MacNeil et al., 2004) and larval caddisflies (Wissinger et al., 1996), and insect parasitoids engaging in multi-parasitism where within-host larval competition results in one species being consumed by another (Zwolfer, 1971; Polis et al., 1989; Amarase ...
Full text - SFU`s Summit
... stack or bottom-heavy. There is 4-5 times more biomass at the largest body-sizes than would be expected given observed PPMR. I hypothesise that the most plausible explanation is energetic subsidies. Using the same fish assemblage I show how two foundational components of habitat complexity (substrat ...
... stack or bottom-heavy. There is 4-5 times more biomass at the largest body-sizes than would be expected given observed PPMR. I hypothesise that the most plausible explanation is energetic subsidies. Using the same fish assemblage I show how two foundational components of habitat complexity (substrat ...
IOTC–2016–WPEB12-35
... This work provides the first study of depredation in the Portuguese pelagic longline fleet in the southern of Indian Ocean, compiled by fisheries observers on board commercial longline vessels. The results presented are an important contribution to the study of depredation events in the Indian Ocean ...
... This work provides the first study of depredation in the Portuguese pelagic longline fleet in the southern of Indian Ocean, compiled by fisheries observers on board commercial longline vessels. The results presented are an important contribution to the study of depredation events in the Indian Ocean ...
Adaptive omnivory and species coexistence in tri
... Stibor et al., 2004). The search for robust mechanisms that can explain persistence of tightly linked omnivory systems therefore remains an important challenge (HilleRisLambers and Dieckmann, 2003). Holt and Polis (1997) suggested that adaptive behaviors may facilitate coexistence. In particular, th ...
... Stibor et al., 2004). The search for robust mechanisms that can explain persistence of tightly linked omnivory systems therefore remains an important challenge (HilleRisLambers and Dieckmann, 2003). Holt and Polis (1997) suggested that adaptive behaviors may facilitate coexistence. In particular, th ...
4.1.7 Watersheds and Wetlands
... the population of a species. (S, SS) Analyze and explain the changes in an animal population over time. (S, SS) Explain how a habitat management practice affects a population. (S, SS) Explain the differences among threatened, endangered and extinct species. (S, SS) Identify Pennsylvania plants and a ...
... the population of a species. (S, SS) Analyze and explain the changes in an animal population over time. (S, SS) Explain how a habitat management practice affects a population. (S, SS) Explain the differences among threatened, endangered and extinct species. (S, SS) Identify Pennsylvania plants and a ...
Going Against the Flow - Non-Conventional Wisdom
... In the soup are the eggs, larvae, and very young of every creature with a planktonic stage. Think fish, oysters, shrimp, crabs….Are there enough breeders to overcome predation? Before menhaden can filter and when they are most abundant, they use teeth to catch copepods, eggs, and larvae Like t ...
... In the soup are the eggs, larvae, and very young of every creature with a planktonic stage. Think fish, oysters, shrimp, crabs….Are there enough breeders to overcome predation? Before menhaden can filter and when they are most abundant, they use teeth to catch copepods, eggs, and larvae Like t ...
Consumer versus resource control of producer producer community structure
... negative effects on producer diversity (6–8); no consensus has been reached as to what determines the direction or magnitude of these effects, although ecosystem productivity is thought to strongly influence community responses (9). Resource enrichment in unproductive environments may enhance divers ...
... negative effects on producer diversity (6–8); no consensus has been reached as to what determines the direction or magnitude of these effects, although ecosystem productivity is thought to strongly influence community responses (9). Resource enrichment in unproductive environments may enhance divers ...
4 Fish, Crayfish and Macroinvertebrates in ACT Rivers
... created by dams and weirs. There have also been declines in water quality (addition of sediments, nutrients, pollutants), and modification of streambanks by adjacent land uses (removal of riparian vegetation, growth of exotic vegetation, trampling and destruction of bank structure). These changes ha ...
... created by dams and weirs. There have also been declines in water quality (addition of sediments, nutrients, pollutants), and modification of streambanks by adjacent land uses (removal of riparian vegetation, growth of exotic vegetation, trampling and destruction of bank structure). These changes ha ...
Effects of Temperature, Salinity and Fish in Structuring
... have implications for the ecological status of lakes since it may enhance periphyton growth and indirectly promote the turbid water state by outshading macrophytes [13]. In addition, potentially higher predation by small fish within the plants beds may influence the spatial distribution and diel mov ...
... have implications for the ecological status of lakes since it may enhance periphyton growth and indirectly promote the turbid water state by outshading macrophytes [13]. In addition, potentially higher predation by small fish within the plants beds may influence the spatial distribution and diel mov ...
Marine Ecology Progress Series 341:303
... phytoplankton blooms; this is inaccurate (cf. NRC 2004). The potential benefits of filtration by oysters as stated in the popular press1 ignore the realities of the scale of restoration required to achieve such benefits, and we concur with Pomeroy et al. (2006) that using this position to support th ...
... phytoplankton blooms; this is inaccurate (cf. NRC 2004). The potential benefits of filtration by oysters as stated in the popular press1 ignore the realities of the scale of restoration required to achieve such benefits, and we concur with Pomeroy et al. (2006) that using this position to support th ...
Plant functional composition influences rates of soil carbon and nitrogen accumulation
... using data from the 12-year-long biodiversity experiment on N-limited grasslands at Cedar Creek, Minnesota, USA. Although it has been shown that greater plant species numbers is associated with soil C accumulation in N-limited grassland communities (Tilman et al. 2006a), it is not clear whether and ...
... using data from the 12-year-long biodiversity experiment on N-limited grasslands at Cedar Creek, Minnesota, USA. Although it has been shown that greater plant species numbers is associated with soil C accumulation in N-limited grassland communities (Tilman et al. 2006a), it is not clear whether and ...
Truly Long-Term Sustainability: An Archaeological Analysis of
... environmental degradation, we do have the ability to understand these forces using data from paleobiologists, historians, archaeologists, and practitioners of other disciplines. The data collected from their studies have the potential for reconstructing natural and anthropogenic causes of resource c ...
... environmental degradation, we do have the ability to understand these forces using data from paleobiologists, historians, archaeologists, and practitioners of other disciplines. The data collected from their studies have the potential for reconstructing natural and anthropogenic causes of resource c ...
Freshwater Mussels of Michgian - Michigan Natural Features Inventory
... aquatic ecosystems. They play a significant ecological role in both rivers and lakes. Live individuals and empty shells provide habitat for aquatic insects. Empty shells also provide habitat for crayfish. Unionid mussels often constitute the highest percentage of biomass relative to other benthic st ...
... aquatic ecosystems. They play a significant ecological role in both rivers and lakes. Live individuals and empty shells provide habitat for aquatic insects. Empty shells also provide habitat for crayfish. Unionid mussels often constitute the highest percentage of biomass relative to other benthic st ...
1 INTRODUCTION
... Sea via Ellon, exiting at Newburgh Bar which is 20 kilometres north of Aberdeen. The river is 64 kilometers long, of which approximately 9 kilometers are tidal, with a catchment area of 680 Km² most of which is agricultural land. The Water of Cruden flows through Hatton and enters the North Sea at C ...
... Sea via Ellon, exiting at Newburgh Bar which is 20 kilometres north of Aberdeen. The river is 64 kilometers long, of which approximately 9 kilometers are tidal, with a catchment area of 680 Km² most of which is agricultural land. The Water of Cruden flows through Hatton and enters the North Sea at C ...
Overexploitation
Overexploitation, also called overharvesting, refers to harvesting a renewable resource to the point of diminishing returns. Sustained overexploitation can lead to the destruction of the resource. The term applies to natural resources such as: wild medicinal plants, grazing pastures, game animals, fish stocks, forests, and water aquifers.In ecology, overexploitation describes one of the five main activities threatening global biodiversity. Ecologists use the term to describe populations that are harvested at a rate that is unsustainable, given their natural rates of mortality and capacities for reproduction. This can result in extinction at the population level and even extinction of whole species. In conservation biology the term is usually used in the context of human economic activity that involves the taking of biological resources, or organisms, in larger numbers than their populations can withstand. The term is also used and defined somewhat differently in fisheries, hydrology and natural resource management.Overexploitation can lead to resource destruction, including extinctions. However it is also possible for overexploitation to be sustainable, as discussed below in the section on fisheries. In the context of fishing, the term overfishing can be used instead of overexploitation, as can overgrazing in stock management, overlogging in forest management, overdrafting in aquifer management, and endangered species in species monitoring. Overexploitation is not an activity limited to humans. Introduced predators and herbivores, for example, can overexploit native flora and fauna.