Climate Change and Coral Reefs By: Maddie Renner
... along the coastlines and on the continental shelf in shallow water. Barrier reefs grow parallel to shorelines and further out, usually separated by a lagoon. They are called barrier reefs because they form a barrier between the lagoon and the seas. Finally, coral atolls are the rings of coral that g ...
... along the coastlines and on the continental shelf in shallow water. Barrier reefs grow parallel to shorelines and further out, usually separated by a lagoon. They are called barrier reefs because they form a barrier between the lagoon and the seas. Finally, coral atolls are the rings of coral that g ...
Revisiting the Earth`s sea‐level and energy budgets from 1961
... [7] Global depletion is calculated where direct estimates are available (Figure 1 and Table S1 in the auxiliary material), and estimated for unmeasured areas outside of the U.S.A. by correlations with global pumpage estimates.1 In the U.S.A., total groundwater withdrawals in 2000 were 115 km3 [Hutso ...
... [7] Global depletion is calculated where direct estimates are available (Figure 1 and Table S1 in the auxiliary material), and estimated for unmeasured areas outside of the U.S.A. by correlations with global pumpage estimates.1 In the U.S.A., total groundwater withdrawals in 2000 were 115 km3 [Hutso ...
new jersey - Center for Integrative Environmental Research
... than the national average due to local conditions that make the state’s shoreline particularly vulnerable to soil erosion and land subsidence. A 1 foot rise in sea level along the New Jersey coast will advance the shoreline inward 120 feet; the U.S. average is 78 feet.10 By 2100, under all greenhous ...
... than the national average due to local conditions that make the state’s shoreline particularly vulnerable to soil erosion and land subsidence. A 1 foot rise in sea level along the New Jersey coast will advance the shoreline inward 120 feet; the U.S. average is 78 feet.10 By 2100, under all greenhous ...
1a. global climate change and coral reefs: rising temperatures
... Scott Heron, William Skirving, Mark Eakin Temperatures and thermal stress at reef locations around the globe have generally increased over the past 128 years with regional trends in the range of 0.24–0.59°C per century. For most coral reef regions the levels of thermal stress are unprecedented withi ...
... Scott Heron, William Skirving, Mark Eakin Temperatures and thermal stress at reef locations around the globe have generally increased over the past 128 years with regional trends in the range of 0.24–0.59°C per century. For most coral reef regions the levels of thermal stress are unprecedented withi ...
WhitelyBinder_AdaptToClimateChg_w_notes
... substantially different than the past. Use scenario based planning over long time scales to evaluate options rather than the historical record. Expect surprises and plan for flexibility and robustness in the face of uncertain changes rather than counting on one approach. ...
... substantially different than the past. Use scenario based planning over long time scales to evaluate options rather than the historical record. Expect surprises and plan for flexibility and robustness in the face of uncertain changes rather than counting on one approach. ...
On the climate response of the low
... These predictions are in accordance with the observational evidence presented by Gaffen et al. (1991) that the tropical tropospheric water vapour content has increased since the mid-1970s. Averaged over the globe, and over timescales longer than the mean residence time of water vapour in the atmosphe ...
... These predictions are in accordance with the observational evidence presented by Gaffen et al. (1991) that the tropical tropospheric water vapour content has increased since the mid-1970s. Averaged over the globe, and over timescales longer than the mean residence time of water vapour in the atmosphe ...
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... rapid economic recovery after a crisis stimulates intense increase in industrial activity, which leads to large pollution levels. Among those contaminants, sulfate aerosols including sulfur dioxide (SO2), are the most important factors in changing annual global temperatures, because they have a sign ...
... rapid economic recovery after a crisis stimulates intense increase in industrial activity, which leads to large pollution levels. Among those contaminants, sulfate aerosols including sulfur dioxide (SO2), are the most important factors in changing annual global temperatures, because they have a sign ...
vsi10 fi Anthoff 13239640 en
... details of such proposal are hotly discussed, but one aspect receives relatively little questioning in the economic literature: should a carbon tax really be harmonized across the world, i.e. should the same tax rate on carbon emissions be enforced in all countries? The classical role of a Pigouvian ...
... details of such proposal are hotly discussed, but one aspect receives relatively little questioning in the economic literature: should a carbon tax really be harmonized across the world, i.e. should the same tax rate on carbon emissions be enforced in all countries? The classical role of a Pigouvian ...
Extreme Weather and Climate Change
... from natural disasters as a whole, however, and the results are quite different. Data from Munich Re, one of the world’s largest re-insurance firms, show that direct economic losses (in 1992 U.S. dollars) from natural disasters worldwide increased by a factor of 43 between the last half of the 1960s ...
... from natural disasters as a whole, however, and the results are quite different. Data from Munich Re, one of the world’s largest re-insurance firms, show that direct economic losses (in 1992 U.S. dollars) from natural disasters worldwide increased by a factor of 43 between the last half of the 1960s ...
Reducing abrupt climate change risk using the Montreal Protocol
... large-scale components of the Earth’s system that are at least subcontinental in scale. There are large uncertainties associated with tipping points, which are often considered as examples of ‘‘surprises.’’ Ramanathan and Feng (9) estimate the likelihood of reaching the predicted critical temperatur ...
... large-scale components of the Earth’s system that are at least subcontinental in scale. There are large uncertainties associated with tipping points, which are often considered as examples of ‘‘surprises.’’ Ramanathan and Feng (9) estimate the likelihood of reaching the predicted critical temperatur ...
4 Industry sectors
... The Tasmanian forestry sector is an integrated industry that encompasses both native forest and plantation resources (softwood and hardwood), the production of logs, woodchips, hardwood and softwood sawn timber, pulp and paper production, veneer, fuel wood and other wood products. Tasmanian forest b ...
... The Tasmanian forestry sector is an integrated industry that encompasses both native forest and plantation resources (softwood and hardwood), the production of logs, woodchips, hardwood and softwood sawn timber, pulp and paper production, veneer, fuel wood and other wood products. Tasmanian forest b ...
Document
... on temperature change in 2003 is 0.33 ºC. The Annex-IR attributed change is 0.11 ºC (±30%). Thus the Annex-IR relative fraction – for this example & including only the Kyoto GHG – is 0.33, but with what uncertainty ? Uncertainty in the ratio is clearly less than ±30% because some of the errors are c ...
... on temperature change in 2003 is 0.33 ºC. The Annex-IR attributed change is 0.11 ºC (±30%). Thus the Annex-IR relative fraction – for this example & including only the Kyoto GHG – is 0.33, but with what uncertainty ? Uncertainty in the ratio is clearly less than ±30% because some of the errors are c ...
The Global Climate Observing System, GCOS
... National: GCOS as a programme is living through and based on National observation systems and Active national GCOS Coordinators and national GCOS Committees; GCOS Focal Points for technical aspects of GCOS networks in more then130 countries established ...
... National: GCOS as a programme is living through and based on National observation systems and Active national GCOS Coordinators and national GCOS Committees; GCOS Focal Points for technical aspects of GCOS networks in more then130 countries established ...
i4332e09
... is concentrated in Asia and Latin America and the Caribbean, while cooking bananas are found primarily in Asia (India, Indonesia and the Philippines) and East Africa. Other dessert bananas are found primarily in Asia and Latin America. Plantains are concentrated in West and Central Africa and Latin ...
... is concentrated in Asia and Latin America and the Caribbean, while cooking bananas are found primarily in Asia (India, Indonesia and the Philippines) and East Africa. Other dessert bananas are found primarily in Asia and Latin America. Plantains are concentrated in West and Central Africa and Latin ...
GCOS – Global Climate Observing System
... National: GCOS as a programme is living through and based on National observation systems and Active national GCOS Coordinators and national GCOS Committees; GCOS Focal Points for technical aspects of GCOS networks in more then130 countries established ...
... National: GCOS as a programme is living through and based on National observation systems and Active national GCOS Coordinators and national GCOS Committees; GCOS Focal Points for technical aspects of GCOS networks in more then130 countries established ...
Mediterranean climate
... risk of forest fire all year round. In the Iberian Peninsula, northern Italy and over the Balkans, the period of extreme fire risk lengthens substantially. The only region that shows little change in fire risk is in the southeastern Mediterranean. Based on the same climatic data, we investigated the ...
... risk of forest fire all year round. In the Iberian Peninsula, northern Italy and over the Balkans, the period of extreme fire risk lengthens substantially. The only region that shows little change in fire risk is in the southeastern Mediterranean. Based on the same climatic data, we investigated the ...
Beat the Uncertainty
... Informed by international reports and best practices Considerations from evaluation results from previous SE Asia training through USAID/LEAF (Lowering Emissions in Asia’s Forests) ...
... Informed by international reports and best practices Considerations from evaluation results from previous SE Asia training through USAID/LEAF (Lowering Emissions in Asia’s Forests) ...
Dendroclimatology in Putnam County
... Thus we have come to conclude the following: Red Oaks can be used as proxy to show evidence of climate change. We saw a steady growth in precipitation since 1930’s and this was reflected in greater growth in tree rings. We also saw a correlation between less precipitation during periods of La Niña a ...
... Thus we have come to conclude the following: Red Oaks can be used as proxy to show evidence of climate change. We saw a steady growth in precipitation since 1930’s and this was reflected in greater growth in tree rings. We also saw a correlation between less precipitation during periods of La Niña a ...
Plants & Ecology Phenology and climate Tenna Toftegaard
... Within the last 20 years, the scientific view has changed from a general understanding of climate change as having minor impact on the world’s ecosystems, to today’s documentation of human caused climate change on every continent (Parmesan 2006). It is by now well documented that the climate is chan ...
... Within the last 20 years, the scientific view has changed from a general understanding of climate change as having minor impact on the world’s ecosystems, to today’s documentation of human caused climate change on every continent (Parmesan 2006). It is by now well documented that the climate is chan ...
Adaptation and Mitigation
... adaptation and mitigation There are a number of ways in which adaptation and mitigation are related（有关系的） at different levels of decision-making. Mitigation efforts can foster（鼓励） adaptive capacity（适应能力） if they e'liminate market failures（故障） and distortions（扭曲）, as well as per‘verse（不正当的） subsidies ...
... adaptation and mitigation There are a number of ways in which adaptation and mitigation are related（有关系的） at different levels of decision-making. Mitigation efforts can foster（鼓励） adaptive capacity（适应能力） if they e'liminate market failures（故障） and distortions（扭曲）, as well as per‘verse（不正当的） subsidies ...
Written Test (7/13)
... Map 2 Biome distribution in Australia (Biomes are defined as the world's major communities, classified according to the predominant vegetation and characterized by adaptations of organisms to that particular environment). ...
... Map 2 Biome distribution in Australia (Biomes are defined as the world's major communities, classified according to the predominant vegetation and characterized by adaptations of organisms to that particular environment). ...
The Global Warming Time Bomb?
... Aerosols (fine particles in the air) are, besides greenhouse gases, the other main humanmade climate forcing. Aerosols cause a more complex climate forcing than that by greenhouse gases. Some aerosols, such as sulfates arising from sulfur in fossil fuels, are highly reflective (white) and thus reduc ...
... Aerosols (fine particles in the air) are, besides greenhouse gases, the other main humanmade climate forcing. Aerosols cause a more complex climate forcing than that by greenhouse gases. Some aerosols, such as sulfates arising from sulfur in fossil fuels, are highly reflective (white) and thus reduc ...
Potential Impacts of Climate Change on the Broads
... climate changes projected over the Broads catchment basin. This report goes into substantially more detail, using more models, for more variables, at a finer scale, and using more recent scenarios for future climate change. While the report’s annex contain ...
... climate changes projected over the Broads catchment basin. This report goes into substantially more detail, using more models, for more variables, at a finer scale, and using more recent scenarios for future climate change. While the report’s annex contain ...
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... century—with much of this warming occurring in just the last 30 years—and temperatures will likely rise at least another 2°F, and possibly more than 11°F, over the next 100 years. This warming will cause significant changes in sea level, ecosystems, and ice cover, among other impacts. In the Arctic, ...
... century—with much of this warming occurring in just the last 30 years—and temperatures will likely rise at least another 2°F, and possibly more than 11°F, over the next 100 years. This warming will cause significant changes in sea level, ecosystems, and ice cover, among other impacts. In the Arctic, ...
climate change: social science perspectives
... Plagiarism is the passing off of someone else's work as your own and is a serious academic offence. For the details of what constitutes plagiarism, the potential penalties and the procedures refer to the section on Instructional Offences in the Undergraduate Calendar. What are the Penalties for Plag ...
... Plagiarism is the passing off of someone else's work as your own and is a serious academic offence. For the details of what constitutes plagiarism, the potential penalties and the procedures refer to the section on Instructional Offences in the Undergraduate Calendar. What are the Penalties for Plag ...
Instrumental temperature record
The instrumental temperature record shows fluctuations of the temperature of earth's climate system. Initially the instrumental temperature record only documented land and sea surface temperature, but in recent decades instruments have also begun recording ocean temperature. Data is collected from thousands of meteorological stations around the globe and through satellite observations. The longest-running temperature record is the Central England temperature data series, that starts in 1659. The longest-running quasi-global record starts in 1850.