Attachment 2
... However, whether the IPCC’s specific communications have succeeded is an empirical question whose answer requires rigorous research. At least one study suggests that the IPCC has not done as well as it would have wished26. The UK government’s Stern review on the economics of climate change27 argued ...
... However, whether the IPCC’s specific communications have succeeded is an empirical question whose answer requires rigorous research. At least one study suggests that the IPCC has not done as well as it would have wished26. The UK government’s Stern review on the economics of climate change27 argued ...
Climate Change Effects and Adaptation Approaches in Freshwater
... these species, habitats, and ecosystems are already experiencing the effects of a changing climate. Carbon Dioxide Concentrations, Temperature, and Precipitation Increased atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) contributes to the earth’s greenhouse effect, leading to increased air temperature, altered pre ...
... these species, habitats, and ecosystems are already experiencing the effects of a changing climate. Carbon Dioxide Concentrations, Temperature, and Precipitation Increased atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) contributes to the earth’s greenhouse effect, leading to increased air temperature, altered pre ...
Global trends in extreme precipitation
... as by continent in order to present the general trend of precipitation extremes in different regions. Continents studied comprise Africa, Asia, Europe, North America, South America and Oceania. The subcontinent of India has results shown separately and is also included in Asia. Results are also aver ...
... as by continent in order to present the general trend of precipitation extremes in different regions. Continents studied comprise Africa, Asia, Europe, North America, South America and Oceania. The subcontinent of India has results shown separately and is also included in Asia. Results are also aver ...
... economic security. Observed change in the climate system is an issue of ongoing concern for the US. Recent unusual extreme weather phenomena worldwide, such as droughts, floods, severe storms, and heat waves raise the specter of significant impacts of changing climate in the near term. The authors s ...
Climate Extremes: Recent Trends with Implications for National Security
... economic security. Observed change in the climate system is an issue of ongoing concern for the US. Recent unusual extreme weather phenomena worldwide, such as droughts, floods, severe storms, and heat waves raise the specter of significant impacts of changing climate in the near term. The authors s ...
... economic security. Observed change in the climate system is an issue of ongoing concern for the US. Recent unusual extreme weather phenomena worldwide, such as droughts, floods, severe storms, and heat waves raise the specter of significant impacts of changing climate in the near term. The authors s ...
Bridging the gap between omics and earth system science to better
... The advent of genomic-, transcriptomic- and proteomic-based approaches has revolutionized our ability to describe marine microbial communities, including biogeography, metabolic potential and diversity, mechanisms of adaptation, and phylogeny and evolutionary history. New interdisciplinary approache ...
... The advent of genomic-, transcriptomic- and proteomic-based approaches has revolutionized our ability to describe marine microbial communities, including biogeography, metabolic potential and diversity, mechanisms of adaptation, and phylogeny and evolutionary history. New interdisciplinary approache ...
Agroclimatic conditions in China under climate change scenarios
... of future agroclimatic conditions at the grid-cell level for China. Climate change scenarios for impacts assessment are basically generated by General Circulation Models (GCMs). The horizontal resolution of most present-day GCMs is at the order of a few hundred kilometres (Meehl et al., 2007). There ...
... of future agroclimatic conditions at the grid-cell level for China. Climate change scenarios for impacts assessment are basically generated by General Circulation Models (GCMs). The horizontal resolution of most present-day GCMs is at the order of a few hundred kilometres (Meehl et al., 2007). There ...
1a. global climate change and coral reefs: rising temperatures
... potential. While such an approach could enhance conservation, it remains untested. Another option for adaptation is ‘Darwinian’ selection to act on reef corals. Unfortunately, this natural selection process has culled many of the more sensitive coral species, leading to a loss of biodiversity and fu ...
... potential. While such an approach could enhance conservation, it remains untested. Another option for adaptation is ‘Darwinian’ selection to act on reef corals. Unfortunately, this natural selection process has culled many of the more sensitive coral species, leading to a loss of biodiversity and fu ...
The Recent Trend and Variance Increase of the
... squares fit, the parameter a is varied until a minimum is obtained in S i [ f r (v i ) 2 2 f (v i ) 2 ]. For determining the confidence levels, 78 degrees of freedom are used for each spectral estimate, where it has been assumed that there are approximately two degrees of freedom for each seasonal p ...
... squares fit, the parameter a is varied until a minimum is obtained in S i [ f r (v i ) 2 2 f (v i ) 2 ]. For determining the confidence levels, 78 degrees of freedom are used for each spectral estimate, where it has been assumed that there are approximately two degrees of freedom for each seasonal p ...
ENSO and greenhouse warming
... During the 1982/1983 and 1997/1998 extreme El Niño events6,8, surface warming anomalies propagated eastward in an uncharacteristic fashion13,14, and massive surface warm anomalies in the eastern equatorial Pacific exceeding 3 °C caused an equatorward shift of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITC ...
... During the 1982/1983 and 1997/1998 extreme El Niño events6,8, surface warming anomalies propagated eastward in an uncharacteristic fashion13,14, and massive surface warm anomalies in the eastern equatorial Pacific exceeding 3 °C caused an equatorward shift of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITC ...
Climate change and international human rights litigation: A critical
... For instruments codifying the right, see Organization of African Unity, Banjul Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights art. 24, opened for signature June 27, 1981, 21 I.L.M. 58 (providing a “right to a general satisfactory environment favorable to . . . development”); Additional Protocol to the America ...
... For instruments codifying the right, see Organization of African Unity, Banjul Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights art. 24, opened for signature June 27, 1981, 21 I.L.M. 58 (providing a “right to a general satisfactory environment favorable to . . . development”); Additional Protocol to the America ...
The clash of theories - Analytical methods for water resource
... thoroughly familiar with the numerical properties of the hydroclimatic processes. I informed the meeting that there were no unexplained anomalies or trends in the data. That remains my view right through to the present day. My principal motivation and continued efforts in undertaking these studies w ...
... thoroughly familiar with the numerical properties of the hydroclimatic processes. I informed the meeting that there were no unexplained anomalies or trends in the data. That remains my view right through to the present day. My principal motivation and continued efforts in undertaking these studies w ...
Response of subarctic vegetation to transient climatic change on the
... Understanding the response of terrestrial ecosystems to climatic warming is a challenge because of the complex interactions of climate, disturbance, and recruitment across the landscape. We use a spatially explicit model (ALFRESCO) to simulate the transient response of subarctic vegetation to climat ...
... Understanding the response of terrestrial ecosystems to climatic warming is a challenge because of the complex interactions of climate, disturbance, and recruitment across the landscape. We use a spatially explicit model (ALFRESCO) to simulate the transient response of subarctic vegetation to climat ...
Oregon`s Biodiversity in a Changing Climate
... cryosphere (ice and snow). Even with no change in precipitation, increased temperatures are likely to result in decreases in ice cover and snowpack. For example, the number of glacial lakes, glacial runoff, and spring peak discharge in glacial streams and rivers have all increased (Adger et al. 2007 ...
... cryosphere (ice and snow). Even with no change in precipitation, increased temperatures are likely to result in decreases in ice cover and snowpack. For example, the number of glacial lakes, glacial runoff, and spring peak discharge in glacial streams and rivers have all increased (Adger et al. 2007 ...
Climate change impacts on North African countries and on some
... difficult to predict due to the very small amount of natural precipitation that characterizes these areas. Climate change will induce some variations in precipitation patterns, but the trend is not clear, as some models predict slight increases and others predict slight decreases in annual precipita ...
... difficult to predict due to the very small amount of natural precipitation that characterizes these areas. Climate change will induce some variations in precipitation patterns, but the trend is not clear, as some models predict slight increases and others predict slight decreases in annual precipita ...
Climate Change Justice
... Report (AR5) express high confidence in the claim that ‘Adaptation and mitigation in the nearterm will affect the risks of climate change throughout the 21st century.’9 Why might future generations have a claim that the harms of climate change should be prevented or reduced? Most people will find th ...
... Report (AR5) express high confidence in the claim that ‘Adaptation and mitigation in the nearterm will affect the risks of climate change throughout the 21st century.’9 Why might future generations have a claim that the harms of climate change should be prevented or reduced? Most people will find th ...
The equilibrium sensitivity of the Earth`s temperature to radiation
... © 2008 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved. ...
... © 2008 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved. ...
The equilibrium sensitivity of Earth`s temperature to radiation changes.
... Many recent estimates of the equilibrium climate sensitivity are based on climate change that has been observed over the instrumental period (that is, about the past 150 years). Wigley et al.38 pointed out that uncertainties in forcing and response made it impossible to use observed global temperatu ...
... Many recent estimates of the equilibrium climate sensitivity are based on climate change that has been observed over the instrumental period (that is, about the past 150 years). Wigley et al.38 pointed out that uncertainties in forcing and response made it impossible to use observed global temperatu ...
Global warming hiatus
A global warming hiatus, also sometimes referred to as a global warming pause or a global warming slowdown, is a period of relatively little change in globally averaged surface temperatures. In the current episode of global warming many such periods are evident in the surface temperature record, along with robust evidence of the long term warming trend.The exceptionally warm El Niño year of 1998 was an outlier from the continuing temperature trend, and so gave the appearance of a hiatus: by January 2006 assertions had been made that this showed that global warming had stopped. A 2009 study showed that decades without warming were not exceptional, and in 2011 a study showed that if allowances were made for known variability, the rising temperature trend continued unabated. There was increased public interest in 2013 in the run-up to publication of the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, and despite concerns that a 15-year period was too short to determine a meaningful trend, the IPCC included a section on a hiatus, which it defined as a much smaller increasing linear trend over the 15 years from 1998 to 2012, than over the 60 years from 1951 to 2012. Various studies examined possible causes of the short term slowdown. Even though the overall climate system had continued to accumulate energy due to Earth's positive energy budget, the available temperature readings at the earth's surface indicated slower rates of increase in surface warming than in the prior decade. Since measurements at the top of the atmosphere show that Earth is receiving more energy than it is radiating back into space, the retained energy should be producing warming in at least one of the five parts of Earth's climate system.A July 2015 paper on the updated NOAA dataset cast doubt on the existence of this supposed hiatus, and found no indication of a slowdown. This analysis incorporated the latest corrections for known biases in ocean temperature measurements, and new land temperature data. Scientists working on other datasets welcomed this study, though the view was expressed that the short term warming trend had been slower than in previous periods of the same length.