Dispatch Vision: How to Train Visual Cortex to Predict Reward Time
... estimation leads to Weber’s law in neural representations of subjective value and reward magnitude. They showed mathematically that multiple sources of noise result in scalar properties under the assumptions of an ecological model of decision making. This result is likely rooted in the generality of ...
... estimation leads to Weber’s law in neural representations of subjective value and reward magnitude. They showed mathematically that multiple sources of noise result in scalar properties under the assumptions of an ecological model of decision making. This result is likely rooted in the generality of ...
Chapter 2: Brain and Behavior
... (Na+) rush into the cell, its interior briefly becomes positive. This is the action potential. After the action potential, an outward flow of positive potassium ions (K+) restores the negative charge inside the axon. (See Figure 2.3 for further explanation.) Table of Contents ...
... (Na+) rush into the cell, its interior briefly becomes positive. This is the action potential. After the action potential, an outward flow of positive potassium ions (K+) restores the negative charge inside the axon. (See Figure 2.3 for further explanation.) Table of Contents ...
central mechanisms underlying short-term and long
... vessels also increases. The level around which arterial pressure is regulated, the "set point", varies under different conditions. For example, during dynamic exercise arterial pressure is increased by approximately 15-20% (Delp & Laughlin, 1998), and this increase in pressure has been shown to conf ...
... vessels also increases. The level around which arterial pressure is regulated, the "set point", varies under different conditions. For example, during dynamic exercise arterial pressure is increased by approximately 15-20% (Delp & Laughlin, 1998), and this increase in pressure has been shown to conf ...
Chib et al., 2009 - Rangel Neuroeconomics Laboratory
... entire experiment had three phases: a prescanning, a scanning, and a postscanning phase. The subjects’ value for each item was measured using a Becker-DeGrootMarschack (BDM) auction (Becker et al., 1964). This auction mechanism is commonly used in economics to obtain precise measures of the subjects ...
... entire experiment had three phases: a prescanning, a scanning, and a postscanning phase. The subjects’ value for each item was measured using a Becker-DeGrootMarschack (BDM) auction (Becker et al., 1964). This auction mechanism is commonly used in economics to obtain precise measures of the subjects ...
Inhalant Prevention Education
... transmit messages from the brain or spinal cord to muscles and other body tissues are what make up the nerves of the human body. Most of these axons contain a thin covering of myelin, which accounts for the whitish appearance of nerves. ...
... transmit messages from the brain or spinal cord to muscles and other body tissues are what make up the nerves of the human body. Most of these axons contain a thin covering of myelin, which accounts for the whitish appearance of nerves. ...
View Article
... Even so, implants that work well in one brain may fail in another. “Nobody quite understands exactly why signals deteriorate, and the rate at which they deteriorate seems to be wildly unpredictable,” says Gerald Loeb, a biomedical engineer at the University of Southern California. “Some animals will ...
... Even so, implants that work well in one brain may fail in another. “Nobody quite understands exactly why signals deteriorate, and the rate at which they deteriorate seems to be wildly unpredictable,” says Gerald Loeb, a biomedical engineer at the University of Southern California. “Some animals will ...
rapid eye movement sleep deprivation induces acetylcholinesterase
... cholinolytic activity, co-exists with other transmitter systems and possesses other functions. In the present study, the effects of short-tenn rapid-eye-movement sleep deprivation (REM-SD) on AchE activity in the anterior hypothalamic area have been investigated. Using the flower-pot method, adult m ...
... cholinolytic activity, co-exists with other transmitter systems and possesses other functions. In the present study, the effects of short-tenn rapid-eye-movement sleep deprivation (REM-SD) on AchE activity in the anterior hypothalamic area have been investigated. Using the flower-pot method, adult m ...
Normalization in human somatosensory cortex
... stimulus-evoked responses of individual neurons in primary visual cortex (V1) (Carandini et al. 1997; Carandini and Heeger 1994; Heeger 1992). The model’s defining characteristic is that the response of each neuron is divided by a factor that includes the summed activity of a pool of neurons (Carand ...
... stimulus-evoked responses of individual neurons in primary visual cortex (V1) (Carandini et al. 1997; Carandini and Heeger 1994; Heeger 1992). The model’s defining characteristic is that the response of each neuron is divided by a factor that includes the summed activity of a pool of neurons (Carand ...
The Neural Fate of Consciously Perceived and Missed Events in the
... second target (T2) is a result of attending to the first target (T1): subjects have no difficulties in reporting T2 when it is the only target to be detected (Joseph et al., 1997; Raymond et al., 1992). Thus, T2 can easily be singled out of an RSVP of distractor items, unless attention is engaged in ...
... second target (T2) is a result of attending to the first target (T1): subjects have no difficulties in reporting T2 when it is the only target to be detected (Joseph et al., 1997; Raymond et al., 1992). Thus, T2 can easily be singled out of an RSVP of distractor items, unless attention is engaged in ...
Studying the Brain`s Structure and Functions: Spying on the Brain
... control of voluntary movements—such as the motion of the eyes to read this sentence or those of the hand to turn this page—and the communication of information to and from the sense organs. The autonomic division controls the parts of the body that keep us alive—the heart, blood vessels, glands, lun ...
... control of voluntary movements—such as the motion of the eyes to read this sentence or those of the hand to turn this page—and the communication of information to and from the sense organs. The autonomic division controls the parts of the body that keep us alive—the heart, blood vessels, glands, lun ...
Affective neuroscience: the emergence of a discipline
... o f physiological measures and biological probes), and studies o f human neuropathology and psychopathology. As research progresses in this area, it is clear that the study o f emotion, just like cognition, will require a dissection o f emotional processes into more elementary mental operations, suc ...
... o f physiological measures and biological probes), and studies o f human neuropathology and psychopathology. As research progresses in this area, it is clear that the study o f emotion, just like cognition, will require a dissection o f emotional processes into more elementary mental operations, suc ...
Brains, Bodies, and Behavior
... neurotransmitters, the neuron moves closer to its firing threshold, and if it reaches the threshold, the action potential and the process of transferring information through the neuron begins. Neurotransmitters that are not accepted by the receptor sites must be removed from the synapse in order for ...
... neurotransmitters, the neuron moves closer to its firing threshold, and if it reaches the threshold, the action potential and the process of transferring information through the neuron begins. Neurotransmitters that are not accepted by the receptor sites must be removed from the synapse in order for ...
Does Mental Activity Change the Oxidative Metabolism of the Brain?
... Mental activity is usually defined as activity that occurs in the mind alone, without any expressionor sensationexisting at the sametime (i.e., ChambersTwentieth Century Dictionary). Mental activity hasbeen the domain of classicalpsychology, where it hasbeen studied by indirect methods. Neurobehavio ...
... Mental activity is usually defined as activity that occurs in the mind alone, without any expressionor sensationexisting at the sametime (i.e., ChambersTwentieth Century Dictionary). Mental activity hasbeen the domain of classicalpsychology, where it hasbeen studied by indirect methods. Neurobehavio ...
2016 Research Grant Directory
... improve recovery of brain function after injury. We still know too little about how brain activity changes in response to the initial injury and how these changes cause lasting detrimental effects on mental function and behavior. Research has shown that large brain networks are affected by injury, e ...
... improve recovery of brain function after injury. We still know too little about how brain activity changes in response to the initial injury and how these changes cause lasting detrimental effects on mental function and behavior. Research has shown that large brain networks are affected by injury, e ...
Introducing a New Product - V
... and when you think sad you feel sad. So thoughts become feelings and feelings become thoughts but meditation can stop this loop tape because when you focus your attention on a feeling your thoughts lose their power. You learn to choose your thoughts. Focus and self-control - Changes brain structure ...
... and when you think sad you feel sad. So thoughts become feelings and feelings become thoughts but meditation can stop this loop tape because when you focus your attention on a feeling your thoughts lose their power. You learn to choose your thoughts. Focus and self-control - Changes brain structure ...
Failure to mobilize cognitive control for
... event-related fMRI data (Buckner et al., 1998; Burock and Dale, 2000; Miezin et al., 2000). The schedule of events was determined using a technique that optimizes the statistical efficiency of event-related designs (Dale, 1999). Participants performed six task runs. Each run lasted 5 min 16 s and gen ...
... event-related fMRI data (Buckner et al., 1998; Burock and Dale, 2000; Miezin et al., 2000). The schedule of events was determined using a technique that optimizes the statistical efficiency of event-related designs (Dale, 1999). Participants performed six task runs. Each run lasted 5 min 16 s and gen ...
Famous Russian brains: historical attempts to understand intelligence
... scholars of Russian neurology and psychiatry, A.Ya. Kozhevnikov (1836^1902) and S. S. Korsakov (1854^1900), have been studied is largely unknown. A report of the results of this study was published by A. A. Kaputsin in 1925 providing a detailed neuroanatomical assessment of the brains. A considerabl ...
... scholars of Russian neurology and psychiatry, A.Ya. Kozhevnikov (1836^1902) and S. S. Korsakov (1854^1900), have been studied is largely unknown. A report of the results of this study was published by A. A. Kaputsin in 1925 providing a detailed neuroanatomical assessment of the brains. A considerabl ...
Neural computations associated with goal
... alternative theory of stimulus value computation that takes advantage of the fact that most stimuli are complex bundles of more basic attributes (e.g., foods can be described by a list of perceptual pro ...
... alternative theory of stimulus value computation that takes advantage of the fact that most stimuli are complex bundles of more basic attributes (e.g., foods can be described by a list of perceptual pro ...
Neural Activity and the Development of Brain Circuits
... connections. In these cases retinal axons experience a normal amount of activity, but it is not patterned appropriately. These types of experiments show that patterned activity is, in a limited sense, instructive. That is, normal patterns of neural activity guide the development of normal brain circ ...
... connections. In these cases retinal axons experience a normal amount of activity, but it is not patterned appropriately. These types of experiments show that patterned activity is, in a limited sense, instructive. That is, normal patterns of neural activity guide the development of normal brain circ ...
Are Action-based Lies easier to detect than Speech
... (Speech, Action), we conducted a two tailed t test. Participants mean confidence levels for Action were 5.70 (SD = .28) and for Speech were 5.33 (SD = .72); Action confidence ratings was significantly higher than Speech confidence ratings, t (18) = 2.395, p = .028. These results are in line with Pal ...
... (Speech, Action), we conducted a two tailed t test. Participants mean confidence levels for Action were 5.70 (SD = .28) and for Speech were 5.33 (SD = .72); Action confidence ratings was significantly higher than Speech confidence ratings, t (18) = 2.395, p = .028. These results are in line with Pal ...
14.FARS 3.Synthetic PET(2001) - University of Southern California
... simulated activity of the neurons in models of interacting brain regions based on, say, single-cell recordings in behaving monkeys ...
... simulated activity of the neurons in models of interacting brain regions based on, say, single-cell recordings in behaving monkeys ...
Creating Buzz: The Neural Correlates of Effective Message
... mm, 160 slices, voxel size = 1.3 × 1.3 × 1.0 mm, flip angle = 8°). The data were preprocessed and analyzed using Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) software (Version 5, Wellcome Department of Cognitive Neurology, Institute of Neurology, London, England). ...
... mm, 160 slices, voxel size = 1.3 × 1.3 × 1.0 mm, flip angle = 8°). The data were preprocessed and analyzed using Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) software (Version 5, Wellcome Department of Cognitive Neurology, Institute of Neurology, London, England). ...
08_chapter 2
... neurons and are better able to handle intense, detailed work. The right hemisphere’s white matter contains neurons with longer axons that can connect with modules further away. These long- range connections help the right hemispheres to come up with broad but rather vague concepts. ...
... neurons and are better able to handle intense, detailed work. The right hemisphere’s white matter contains neurons with longer axons that can connect with modules further away. These long- range connections help the right hemispheres to come up with broad but rather vague concepts. ...
Spotlight on Terminology and Language – ESL Pointers
... now became enamored with wild schemes and was flighty and often irresponsible.” To be enamored with something means to be in love with something. Schemes are plans or ideas; wild schemes are plans or ideas that are crazy or foolish. A flighty individual is someone whose behavior is erratic and incon ...
... now became enamored with wild schemes and was flighty and often irresponsible.” To be enamored with something means to be in love with something. Schemes are plans or ideas; wild schemes are plans or ideas that are crazy or foolish. A flighty individual is someone whose behavior is erratic and incon ...
Neural Basis of Visually Guided Head Movements Studied With fMRI
... Petit, Laurent, and Michael S. Beauchamp. Neural basis of visually guided head movements studied with fMRI. J Neurophysiol 89: 2516 –2527, 2003. First published January 24, 2003; 10.1152/jn.00988.2002. We used event-related fMRI to measure brain activity while subjects performed saccadic eye, head, ...
... Petit, Laurent, and Michael S. Beauchamp. Neural basis of visually guided head movements studied with fMRI. J Neurophysiol 89: 2516 –2527, 2003. First published January 24, 2003; 10.1152/jn.00988.2002. We used event-related fMRI to measure brain activity while subjects performed saccadic eye, head, ...
Functional magnetic resonance imaging
Functional magnetic resonance imaging or functional MRI (fMRI) is a functional neuroimaging procedure using MRI technology that measures brain activity by detecting associated changes in blood flow. This technique relies on the fact that cerebral blood flow and neuronal activation are coupled. When an area of the brain is in use, blood flow to that region also increases.The primary form of fMRI uses the blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) contrast, discovered by Seiji Ogawa. This is a type of specialized brain and body scan used to map neural activity in the brain or spinal cord of humans or other animals by imaging the change in blood flow (hemodynamic response) related to energy use by brain cells. Since the early 1990s, fMRI has come to dominate brain mapping research because it does not require people to undergo shots, surgery, or to ingest substances, or be exposed to radiation, etc. Other methods of obtaining contrast are arterial spin labeling and diffusion MRI.The procedure is similar to MRI but uses the change in magnetization between oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood as its basic measure. This measure is frequently corrupted by noise from various sources and hence statistical procedures are used to extract the underlying signal. The resulting brain activation can be presented graphically by color-coding the strength of activation across the brain or the specific region studied. The technique can localize activity to within millimeters but, using standard techniques, no better than within a window of a few seconds.fMRI is used both in the research world, and to a lesser extent, in the clinical world. It can also be combined and complemented with other measures of brain physiology such as EEG and NIRS. Newer methods which improve both spatial and time resolution are being researched, and these largely use biomarkers other than the BOLD signal. Some companies have developed commercial products such as lie detectors based on fMRI techniques, but the research is not believed to be ripe enough for widespread commercialization.