Understanding Adolescent Brain Development and Its Implications
... immature frontal lobes, too, but do not exhibit the degree of risky behavior exhibited by many teenagers. According to the authors, “[a]dolescence is a developmental period characterized by suboptimal decisions and actions that are associated with an increased incidence of unintentional injuries, vi ...
... immature frontal lobes, too, but do not exhibit the degree of risky behavior exhibited by many teenagers. According to the authors, “[a]dolescence is a developmental period characterized by suboptimal decisions and actions that are associated with an increased incidence of unintentional injuries, vi ...
What is a Brain State
... intuitive account of what we expect brain states to be as well as a convincing argument against a common candidate for knowledge about brain states which is currently ‘on the scene.’ I then introduce a distinction between brain states and states of the brain (cf. Chalmers’ specific and background NC ...
... intuitive account of what we expect brain states to be as well as a convincing argument against a common candidate for knowledge about brain states which is currently ‘on the scene.’ I then introduce a distinction between brain states and states of the brain (cf. Chalmers’ specific and background NC ...
Resting-state functional connectivity in neuropsychiatric disorders
... Linking RSNs to their putative functions is invariably based on inference, as by definition, the subjects are not performing a task when the RSNs are identified. This inference is relatively straightforward for the primary motor and sensory RSNs in which case it is safe to assume, for example, that ...
... Linking RSNs to their putative functions is invariably based on inference, as by definition, the subjects are not performing a task when the RSNs are identified. This inference is relatively straightforward for the primary motor and sensory RSNs in which case it is safe to assume, for example, that ...
Cognition without a Neural Code: How a Folded Electromagnetic Fields
... from sensors above the scalp. A field of 2 to 6 pT, 4 cm from its source, will be 1,600 times stronger at 1 mm, in ...
... from sensors above the scalp. A field of 2 to 6 pT, 4 cm from its source, will be 1,600 times stronger at 1 mm, in ...
the manuscript as pdf
... stimulation of neurons in a slice model of the subthalamic nucleus elicits activation of action potentials with high fidelity (Garcia et al., 2002), that is, in a one-to-one fashion with one pulse producing one burst of action potentials. The burst pattern may be converted to tonic firing after bloc ...
... stimulation of neurons in a slice model of the subthalamic nucleus elicits activation of action potentials with high fidelity (Garcia et al., 2002), that is, in a one-to-one fashion with one pulse producing one burst of action potentials. The burst pattern may be converted to tonic firing after bloc ...
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... nucleus of the thalamus. The signal then enters V1 where the striate cortex processes the stimulus in the visual cortex of the brain in tandem with extrastriate cortex. As a result, increased blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) activations can be measured in the corresponding areas ...
... nucleus of the thalamus. The signal then enters V1 where the striate cortex processes the stimulus in the visual cortex of the brain in tandem with extrastriate cortex. As a result, increased blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) activations can be measured in the corresponding areas ...
Brain Development
... connections that will enable her to learn more words later on. For infants, individual attention and responsive, sensitive caregiving are critical for later language and intellectual development. Brain Development Research does not suggest drilling children in alphabet songs from different langu ...
... connections that will enable her to learn more words later on. For infants, individual attention and responsive, sensitive caregiving are critical for later language and intellectual development. Brain Development Research does not suggest drilling children in alphabet songs from different langu ...
Visualizing vocal perception in the chimpanzee
... absent in the scientific literature, yet are critical for understanding the evolution of language. Here we used positron emission tomography to examine the neurological mechanisms associated with the perception of species-specific vocalizations in chimpanzees. The data indicate right-lateralized act ...
... absent in the scientific literature, yet are critical for understanding the evolution of language. Here we used positron emission tomography to examine the neurological mechanisms associated with the perception of species-specific vocalizations in chimpanzees. The data indicate right-lateralized act ...
Potential Utility of Optogenetics in the Study of
... that depolarize neurons when exposed to blue light. Yellow light (561 nm) is used to activate halorhodopsins, the chloride pumps that inhibit neurons. The OptoXRs, chimeras in which rhodopsin (shown in green) is fused to the intracellular portion of a G protein-coupled receptor (i.e., a Gs-coupled G ...
... that depolarize neurons when exposed to blue light. Yellow light (561 nm) is used to activate halorhodopsins, the chloride pumps that inhibit neurons. The OptoXRs, chimeras in which rhodopsin (shown in green) is fused to the intracellular portion of a G protein-coupled receptor (i.e., a Gs-coupled G ...
Hasson-JNeurosci2008.. - Center for Neural Science
... where r1(t) and r2(t) are the response time courses of a voxel (or brain area) to two movie presentations (e.g., two repeated presentations of the same forward movie). In the time-reversal experiment, correlation coefficients were calculated between the responses to the following conditions: the fir ...
... where r1(t) and r2(t) are the response time courses of a voxel (or brain area) to two movie presentations (e.g., two repeated presentations of the same forward movie). In the time-reversal experiment, correlation coefficients were calculated between the responses to the following conditions: the fir ...
WHAT IS A SEIZURE?
... and temporal lobes. It controls our balance and coordination. It may help to regulate our thinking, too. Cerebral cortex: The cerebral cortex is the outer layer of the brain, 2 to 6 millimeters thick. It covers all the lobes of the two cerebral hemispheres and is connected between them by the corpus ...
... and temporal lobes. It controls our balance and coordination. It may help to regulate our thinking, too. Cerebral cortex: The cerebral cortex is the outer layer of the brain, 2 to 6 millimeters thick. It covers all the lobes of the two cerebral hemispheres and is connected between them by the corpus ...
what is a seizure? - Patient Focused Neurology!
... and temporal lobes. It controls our balance and coordination. It may help to regulate our thinking, too. Cerebral cortex: The cerebral cortex is the outer layer of the brain, 2 to 6 millimeters thick. It covers all the lobes of the two cerebral hemispheres and is connected between them by the corpus ...
... and temporal lobes. It controls our balance and coordination. It may help to regulate our thinking, too. Cerebral cortex: The cerebral cortex is the outer layer of the brain, 2 to 6 millimeters thick. It covers all the lobes of the two cerebral hemispheres and is connected between them by the corpus ...
hea-HEA-2014-2056-supplement_R2
... questionnaire based on the timeline follow-back method, a frequently used, reliable and valid indicator of drinking behavior (Sobell & Sobell, 1990, 1995). For example, Sobell and colleagues report test-retest reliabilities of .90 or more over a 90-day interval for a sample of moderate drinkers (Sob ...
... questionnaire based on the timeline follow-back method, a frequently used, reliable and valid indicator of drinking behavior (Sobell & Sobell, 1990, 1995). For example, Sobell and colleagues report test-retest reliabilities of .90 or more over a 90-day interval for a sample of moderate drinkers (Sob ...
Desired EEG Signals For Detecting Brain Tumor Using Indu Sekhar Samant
... from and quite differently than the rest of the body. The brain contains about 10 Billion working brain cells. They are called neurons and make over 13 Trillion connections with each other to form the most sophisticated organic computer on the planet maybe even the universe. By today's computer stan ...
... from and quite differently than the rest of the body. The brain contains about 10 Billion working brain cells. They are called neurons and make over 13 Trillion connections with each other to form the most sophisticated organic computer on the planet maybe even the universe. By today's computer stan ...
Discoveries from the Black Box - Boulder Institute for Psychotherapy
... Encouraged by breakthroughs in mapping the brain and a newfound belief in its malleability, some clinicians are incorporating a fuller appreciation of neurobiology into their everyday work with clients. In effect, they're taking the brain out of its black box and opening it up for discussion in the ...
... Encouraged by breakthroughs in mapping the brain and a newfound belief in its malleability, some clinicians are incorporating a fuller appreciation of neurobiology into their everyday work with clients. In effect, they're taking the brain out of its black box and opening it up for discussion in the ...
Reduced thalamic and pontine connectivity in Kleine–Levin
... periodic idiopathic hypersomnia, or the Kleine–Levin syndrome (KLS), by imaging the functional connectivity of the thalamus in one KLS patient for whom results were possible to obtain during both hypersomnic and asymptomatic periods. We hypothesized that such an investigation could highlight the neu ...
... periodic idiopathic hypersomnia, or the Kleine–Levin syndrome (KLS), by imaging the functional connectivity of the thalamus in one KLS patient for whom results were possible to obtain during both hypersomnic and asymptomatic periods. We hypothesized that such an investigation could highlight the neu ...
Electroencephalography Student Protocol
... The cerebral cortex contains huge numbers of neurons. Activity of these neurons is to some extent synchronized in regular firing rhythms. These are referred to as brain waves. Electrodes placed in pairs on the scalp can pick up variations in electrical potential that derive from this underlying cort ...
... The cerebral cortex contains huge numbers of neurons. Activity of these neurons is to some extent synchronized in regular firing rhythms. These are referred to as brain waves. Electrodes placed in pairs on the scalp can pick up variations in electrical potential that derive from this underlying cort ...
Neurophysiological foundations of sleep, arousal, awareness and
... The state of arousal of the cerebral cortex is affected by two main neuroanatomical areas: the ascending reticular system, which is in the pons, and the cognitive system, located in the cerebral cortex and subcortical nuclei. These two regions communicate via the diencephalon, where ascending signal ...
... The state of arousal of the cerebral cortex is affected by two main neuroanatomical areas: the ascending reticular system, which is in the pons, and the cognitive system, located in the cerebral cortex and subcortical nuclei. These two regions communicate via the diencephalon, where ascending signal ...
PDF - Oxford Academic - Oxford University Press
... 1993) and long lasting (Brown et al., 1987). As was suggested by Desimone (Desimone, 1996), this selective reduction in firing rates with object repetition could ref lect the creation of sparse, yet more object-form specific representations which, in turn, leads to enhanced object identification. Co ...
... 1993) and long lasting (Brown et al., 1987). As was suggested by Desimone (Desimone, 1996), this selective reduction in firing rates with object repetition could ref lect the creation of sparse, yet more object-form specific representations which, in turn, leads to enhanced object identification. Co ...
Saliency, switching, attention and control
... pattern of connections of other functionally related brain areas (Passingham et al. 2002). Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) are the two most widely used methods for studying structural and functional brain connectivity, respectively, in vi ...
... pattern of connections of other functionally related brain areas (Passingham et al. 2002). Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) are the two most widely used methods for studying structural and functional brain connectivity, respectively, in vi ...
The Brain Tools of Behavioral Neuroscience
... Electroencephalogram (EEG) •An instrument used to measure electrical activity in the brain through electrodes placed on the scalp ...
... Electroencephalogram (EEG) •An instrument used to measure electrical activity in the brain through electrodes placed on the scalp ...
consciousness as an afterthought
... spatial test would activate the parahippocampal gyrus. This clinically unresponsive patient was told to think of one scene to indicate a “yes” answer to a Y/N question, and the other scene to indicate “no”. The correct answers to questions asked were not known to the interrogators. Evidently the pat ...
... spatial test would activate the parahippocampal gyrus. This clinically unresponsive patient was told to think of one scene to indicate a “yes” answer to a Y/N question, and the other scene to indicate “no”. The correct answers to questions asked were not known to the interrogators. Evidently the pat ...
Disorders of Consciousness: Brain Death, Coma
... does not predict a patient’s outcome. Patients with widespread injury to the brain are more likely to have severe neurologic deficits and are at a higher risk of prolonged unconsciousness. Patients with more focal injuries (for example, only a brainstem injury) may have less severe neurologic impair ...
... does not predict a patient’s outcome. Patients with widespread injury to the brain are more likely to have severe neurologic deficits and are at a higher risk of prolonged unconsciousness. Patients with more focal injuries (for example, only a brainstem injury) may have less severe neurologic impair ...
Gray matters: How neuroscience can inform economics
... Even the finest-grained brain imaging techniques only measure activity of “circuits” consisting of thousands of neurons. In single neuron measurement, tiny electrodes are inserted into the brain, each measuring a single neuron's firing. As we discuss below, single neuron measurement studies have pro ...
... Even the finest-grained brain imaging techniques only measure activity of “circuits” consisting of thousands of neurons. In single neuron measurement, tiny electrodes are inserted into the brain, each measuring a single neuron's firing. As we discuss below, single neuron measurement studies have pro ...
Hypothesized neural dynamics of working memory
... Annual Society for Neuroscience meetings has been devoted largely to these issues [36]. A possible mechanism of causal linkage, between widespread EEG synchronies and more microscopic activation patterns at the neuronal level, involves the concept of the “Hebbian neuron.” That is, EEG synchrony impl ...
... Annual Society for Neuroscience meetings has been devoted largely to these issues [36]. A possible mechanism of causal linkage, between widespread EEG synchronies and more microscopic activation patterns at the neuronal level, involves the concept of the “Hebbian neuron.” That is, EEG synchrony impl ...
Functional magnetic resonance imaging
Functional magnetic resonance imaging or functional MRI (fMRI) is a functional neuroimaging procedure using MRI technology that measures brain activity by detecting associated changes in blood flow. This technique relies on the fact that cerebral blood flow and neuronal activation are coupled. When an area of the brain is in use, blood flow to that region also increases.The primary form of fMRI uses the blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) contrast, discovered by Seiji Ogawa. This is a type of specialized brain and body scan used to map neural activity in the brain or spinal cord of humans or other animals by imaging the change in blood flow (hemodynamic response) related to energy use by brain cells. Since the early 1990s, fMRI has come to dominate brain mapping research because it does not require people to undergo shots, surgery, or to ingest substances, or be exposed to radiation, etc. Other methods of obtaining contrast are arterial spin labeling and diffusion MRI.The procedure is similar to MRI but uses the change in magnetization between oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood as its basic measure. This measure is frequently corrupted by noise from various sources and hence statistical procedures are used to extract the underlying signal. The resulting brain activation can be presented graphically by color-coding the strength of activation across the brain or the specific region studied. The technique can localize activity to within millimeters but, using standard techniques, no better than within a window of a few seconds.fMRI is used both in the research world, and to a lesser extent, in the clinical world. It can also be combined and complemented with other measures of brain physiology such as EEG and NIRS. Newer methods which improve both spatial and time resolution are being researched, and these largely use biomarkers other than the BOLD signal. Some companies have developed commercial products such as lie detectors based on fMRI techniques, but the research is not believed to be ripe enough for widespread commercialization.