Perceptual Expectation Evokes Category
... temporal cueing or expectation also facilitates visual perception (e.g., Correa et al. 2005; for review, see Nobre et al. 2007). The neural mechanisms of spatial and feature-based visual expectation have been studied extensively. For example, directing attention to a location in anticipation of a ta ...
... temporal cueing or expectation also facilitates visual perception (e.g., Correa et al. 2005; for review, see Nobre et al. 2007). The neural mechanisms of spatial and feature-based visual expectation have been studied extensively. For example, directing attention to a location in anticipation of a ta ...
Lesson 1 - SEL at Meigs
... Let’s look at this slide again of the brain thinking thoughts. This is all the electrical activity. Did you know that your brain is the most complex 3-pound mass in the known universe? Each neuron is connected to between one and one million other cells. Overall in your brain, there are over a tr ...
... Let’s look at this slide again of the brain thinking thoughts. This is all the electrical activity. Did you know that your brain is the most complex 3-pound mass in the known universe? Each neuron is connected to between one and one million other cells. Overall in your brain, there are over a tr ...
Brain Waves Volunteer Instructor Guide
... the movement of the eye. The eyelid protects the surface of the eye. Tears clean the eye’s surface. The surface of the eye, the cornea, acts like a filter. The iris and pupil adjust to the amount of light going into the eye. The lens focuses the image you are looking at. When light enters the eye th ...
... the movement of the eye. The eyelid protects the surface of the eye. Tears clean the eye’s surface. The surface of the eye, the cornea, acts like a filter. The iris and pupil adjust to the amount of light going into the eye. The lens focuses the image you are looking at. When light enters the eye th ...
consciousness as an afterthought
... spatial test would activate the parahippocampal gyrus. This clinically unresponsive patient was told to think of one scene to indicate a “yes” answer to a Y/N question, and the other scene to indicate “no”. The correct answers to questions asked were not known to the interrogators. Evidently the pat ...
... spatial test would activate the parahippocampal gyrus. This clinically unresponsive patient was told to think of one scene to indicate a “yes” answer to a Y/N question, and the other scene to indicate “no”. The correct answers to questions asked were not known to the interrogators. Evidently the pat ...
Neuronal activity in dorsomedial frontal cortex and prefrontal cortex
... that, when monkeys respond to nonspatial features of a discriminative stimulus (e.g., color) and the stimulus appears at a place unrelated to the movement target, neurons nevertheless encode stimulus location. This observation could support the idea that these neurons always encode stimulus location ...
... that, when monkeys respond to nonspatial features of a discriminative stimulus (e.g., color) and the stimulus appears at a place unrelated to the movement target, neurons nevertheless encode stimulus location. This observation could support the idea that these neurons always encode stimulus location ...
Structure–function relationship of working memory activity with
... across subject groups. In the second approach (‘‘separate slopes’’ model), we attempted to directly map locations where the structure–function relationship differed between individuals with schizophrenia and healthy controls. One challenge in any connectivity study is defining the size and number of ...
... across subject groups. In the second approach (‘‘separate slopes’’ model), we attempted to directly map locations where the structure–function relationship differed between individuals with schizophrenia and healthy controls. One challenge in any connectivity study is defining the size and number of ...
A non-invasive method to relate the timing of neural activity to white
... Raw diffusion data were corrected for head motion and residual eddy current distortion by registering all images to the first acquired T2 image. Using the FLIRT tool (Jenkinson and Smith, 2001) with a 12-df global affine transformation, the DTI images were registered using a mutual information cost fu ...
... Raw diffusion data were corrected for head motion and residual eddy current distortion by registering all images to the first acquired T2 image. Using the FLIRT tool (Jenkinson and Smith, 2001) with a 12-df global affine transformation, the DTI images were registered using a mutual information cost fu ...
Building a Brain in a Box
... by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). However, when trying to navigate through traffic, the same vehicles couldn't deal with obstacles in their path: they ran into one another when trying to share a lane and could be thrown off course by something as simple as a rock. Spaun Speci ...
... by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). However, when trying to navigate through traffic, the same vehicles couldn't deal with obstacles in their path: they ran into one another when trying to share a lane and could be thrown off course by something as simple as a rock. Spaun Speci ...
Development of neuromotor prostheses
... of a successful NMP. We are beginning to understand where sensors should be placed, what signals they should detect and how to detect them. Functional localization provides a guide to finding motor commands. In one sense, the cortex contains a large number of functionally different areas related to ...
... of a successful NMP. We are beginning to understand where sensors should be placed, what signals they should detect and how to detect them. Functional localization provides a guide to finding motor commands. In one sense, the cortex contains a large number of functionally different areas related to ...
Lower activation in the right frontoparietal network during a counting
... Frontoparietal dysfunction has been identified for a wide range of executive functions in cocaine-dependent patients (Kaufman et al., 2003; Aron and Paulus, 2007; Tomasi et al., 2007; Garavan et al., 2008). Previous neuroimaging studies in cognitive functioning have shown a frontal deficit in cocaine ...
... Frontoparietal dysfunction has been identified for a wide range of executive functions in cocaine-dependent patients (Kaufman et al., 2003; Aron and Paulus, 2007; Tomasi et al., 2007; Garavan et al., 2008). Previous neuroimaging studies in cognitive functioning have shown a frontal deficit in cocaine ...
Brain Day Volunteer Instructor Guide
... the movement of the eye. The eyelid protects the surface of the eye. Tears clean the eye’s surface. The surface of the eye, the cornea, acts like a filter. The iris and pupil adjust to the amount of light going into the eye. The lens focuses the image you are looking at. When light enters the eye th ...
... the movement of the eye. The eyelid protects the surface of the eye. Tears clean the eye’s surface. The surface of the eye, the cornea, acts like a filter. The iris and pupil adjust to the amount of light going into the eye. The lens focuses the image you are looking at. When light enters the eye th ...
Neural Mechanisms of Bias and Sensitivity in Hiroshi Nishida Muneyoshi Takahashi
... after a variable interval). The results showed a cumulative firing rate in the FEF. The cumulative firing rate continues until a threshold is reached, at which time the eye movement is generated; that is, movements are always initiated at the moment when the activity level reaches a certain level (e.g ...
... after a variable interval). The results showed a cumulative firing rate in the FEF. The cumulative firing rate continues until a threshold is reached, at which time the eye movement is generated; that is, movements are always initiated at the moment when the activity level reaches a certain level (e.g ...
Sample pages 1 PDF
... from this brain disorder. While adults spend about one third of their time sleeping, babies and toddlers sleep away half of their early childhood. It cannot be the terrible waste of time that it seems. Or can it be? Embarrassingly, scientists still cannot persuasively point out the biological functi ...
... from this brain disorder. While adults spend about one third of their time sleeping, babies and toddlers sleep away half of their early childhood. It cannot be the terrible waste of time that it seems. Or can it be? Embarrassingly, scientists still cannot persuasively point out the biological functi ...
The Dynamics of Functional Brain Networks
... The diffusion model provides a decomposition of behavioral performance into cognitively relevant latent variables representing the speed and accuracy of information processing (drift rate, ‘‘v’’), the speed of perceptual and motor processes not directly related to the decision process (non-decision ...
... The diffusion model provides a decomposition of behavioral performance into cognitively relevant latent variables representing the speed and accuracy of information processing (drift rate, ‘‘v’’), the speed of perceptual and motor processes not directly related to the decision process (non-decision ...
The Integrative Role of Posterior Parietal Cortex and related Clinical S
... recognition of only parts of that field. It is one of the three components of the Balint’s Syndrome (a complex disturb of the spatial analysis – figure 1). The other two components of this syndrome are: the optics ataxia (a disturb of the act to point a target under the orientation of the vision) an ...
... recognition of only parts of that field. It is one of the three components of the Balint’s Syndrome (a complex disturb of the spatial analysis – figure 1). The other two components of this syndrome are: the optics ataxia (a disturb of the act to point a target under the orientation of the vision) an ...
Food for Thought: Essential Fatty Acid Protects
... that people with Williams syndrome still have fundamentally the same complex system and pathways in the visual system as others, but with one region that is significantly reduced in volume that selectively disrupts higher-level processing along the dorsal pathway. This pattern of visual system organ ...
... that people with Williams syndrome still have fundamentally the same complex system and pathways in the visual system as others, but with one region that is significantly reduced in volume that selectively disrupts higher-level processing along the dorsal pathway. This pattern of visual system organ ...
Effect of Gayatri Mantra Meditation on Meditation Naive Subjects: an
... cerebellum. There were some EEG changes before and after listening to Gayatri mantra also, but reliable analysis could not be carried out due to the less number of samples. Results indicate that mantra meditation can result in changes in the brain. Keywords: Meditation, Mantra, EEG fMRI ...
... cerebellum. There were some EEG changes before and after listening to Gayatri mantra also, but reliable analysis could not be carried out due to the less number of samples. Results indicate that mantra meditation can result in changes in the brain. Keywords: Meditation, Mantra, EEG fMRI ...
Towards understanding of the cortical network underlying
... functions and how the properties of single neurons and their synaptic connections with neighbouring neurons combine to form local circuits and to exhibit the function of each cortical area. We will discuss some new methodological innovations that tackle these challenges. Keywords: inferior temporal ...
... functions and how the properties of single neurons and their synaptic connections with neighbouring neurons combine to form local circuits and to exhibit the function of each cortical area. We will discuss some new methodological innovations that tackle these challenges. Keywords: inferior temporal ...
The Seven Types of ADD - Neighbors Helping Neighbors
... based disorders including attention deficit disorder and coexisting conditions. For over twenty years, I’ve used SPECT brain scans (along with other diagnostic techniques) to develop individual, targeted treatment plans for each patient. Early on, I discovered through brain SPECT patterns that atten ...
... based disorders including attention deficit disorder and coexisting conditions. For over twenty years, I’ve used SPECT brain scans (along with other diagnostic techniques) to develop individual, targeted treatment plans for each patient. Early on, I discovered through brain SPECT patterns that atten ...
Two Kinds of Reverse Inference in Cognitive Neuroscience
... also apply to humans (Rizzolatti and Craighero 2004). Neural-level analyses revealed both an activation pattern, and a location pattern. A group of mirror neurons, call it ‘MN,’ is selectively activated in both execution and observation, and MN is localized in the premotor cortex. Two clarification ...
... also apply to humans (Rizzolatti and Craighero 2004). Neural-level analyses revealed both an activation pattern, and a location pattern. A group of mirror neurons, call it ‘MN,’ is selectively activated in both execution and observation, and MN is localized in the premotor cortex. Two clarification ...
The Maternal Brain
... School recently studied the brains of lactating mother rats using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), a noninvasive technique that tracks changes in brain activity. Ferris found that activity in the mother’s nucleus accumbens, a site that is integral to reinforcement and reward, increased ...
... School recently studied the brains of lactating mother rats using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), a noninvasive technique that tracks changes in brain activity. Ferris found that activity in the mother’s nucleus accumbens, a site that is integral to reinforcement and reward, increased ...
Spring 2002
... These movements, called motor potentials, are produced by the motor cortex prior to and during voluntary movements of the body. Motor potentials are produced as a result of a self-initiated cognitive process. Work is being performed to utilize these signals to control a given peripheral device. One ...
... These movements, called motor potentials, are produced by the motor cortex prior to and during voluntary movements of the body. Motor potentials are produced as a result of a self-initiated cognitive process. Work is being performed to utilize these signals to control a given peripheral device. One ...
The plasticity of human maternal brain: longitudinal changes in brain anatomy during the early postpartum period
... Furthermore, the structural changes in the midbrain region including the hypothalamus, substantia nigra, globus pallidus, and amygdala over time were predicted by a mother’s positive perception of her baby at the first month postpartum. Thus, the mother’s positive feelings on her baby may facilitate ...
... Furthermore, the structural changes in the midbrain region including the hypothalamus, substantia nigra, globus pallidus, and amygdala over time were predicted by a mother’s positive perception of her baby at the first month postpartum. Thus, the mother’s positive feelings on her baby may facilitate ...
Large-scale recording of neuronal ensembles
... the variant (brain-generated) features, including the temporal relations among neuronal assemblies and assembly members from the invariant features represented by the physical world might provide clues about the brain’s perspective on its environment. How should one proceed to test these competing f ...
... the variant (brain-generated) features, including the temporal relations among neuronal assemblies and assembly members from the invariant features represented by the physical world might provide clues about the brain’s perspective on its environment. How should one proceed to test these competing f ...
The neural mechanisms of top- down attentional control
... analysis13,14 allowed us to combine the spatial resolution necessary for localization of neural activity, which this technique provides, with neuroimaging methods that selectively extract components of hemodynamic activity15 correlated with distinct aspects of complex-task performance. Here we used ...
... analysis13,14 allowed us to combine the spatial resolution necessary for localization of neural activity, which this technique provides, with neuroimaging methods that selectively extract components of hemodynamic activity15 correlated with distinct aspects of complex-task performance. Here we used ...
Functional magnetic resonance imaging
Functional magnetic resonance imaging or functional MRI (fMRI) is a functional neuroimaging procedure using MRI technology that measures brain activity by detecting associated changes in blood flow. This technique relies on the fact that cerebral blood flow and neuronal activation are coupled. When an area of the brain is in use, blood flow to that region also increases.The primary form of fMRI uses the blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) contrast, discovered by Seiji Ogawa. This is a type of specialized brain and body scan used to map neural activity in the brain or spinal cord of humans or other animals by imaging the change in blood flow (hemodynamic response) related to energy use by brain cells. Since the early 1990s, fMRI has come to dominate brain mapping research because it does not require people to undergo shots, surgery, or to ingest substances, or be exposed to radiation, etc. Other methods of obtaining contrast are arterial spin labeling and diffusion MRI.The procedure is similar to MRI but uses the change in magnetization between oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood as its basic measure. This measure is frequently corrupted by noise from various sources and hence statistical procedures are used to extract the underlying signal. The resulting brain activation can be presented graphically by color-coding the strength of activation across the brain or the specific region studied. The technique can localize activity to within millimeters but, using standard techniques, no better than within a window of a few seconds.fMRI is used both in the research world, and to a lesser extent, in the clinical world. It can also be combined and complemented with other measures of brain physiology such as EEG and NIRS. Newer methods which improve both spatial and time resolution are being researched, and these largely use biomarkers other than the BOLD signal. Some companies have developed commercial products such as lie detectors based on fMRI techniques, but the research is not believed to be ripe enough for widespread commercialization.